Goat Medicine 1 & 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Body condition scoring in Goat Medicine?
A
- Lumbar and Sternal Scoring
- Average or double figure
- Fat deposits not in same place as sheep
- Don’t compare to sheep BCS
- Practice
2
Q
Describe using Local anesthetic in Goats?
A
- Very susceptible to local
- Toxic at very small doses
- If using mix dilute in water for injection
- 5mg/ml Lidocaine (apply to procaine) dose = 30kg goat = 1.5ml 50mg/ml adrenacaine
3
Q
Goat disbudding?
A
- Legally must be done by a Vet
- Horn growth rapid - disbud b/ 2-7 days
- Not the same as disbudding a calf
- Local anesthetics not well tolerated -> low toxic dose
4
Q
What to be careful when disbudding?
A
Very thin skull - easy to fracture skull-easy to cook brain
5
Q
Should we deHORN?
A
NO avoid!
6
Q
what does pseudopreg look like in goats?
A
Abdominal Enlargement.
Udder development.
7
Q
physiological false preg in goat?
A
Associated with persistent CL.
Prostaglandin 2 doses 12 days apart of Lutalyse
8
Q
PGE in goat?
A
- Limited immunity with age
- Differ from sheep
- Worming treatments needed throughout life
- Housing is usually necessary for large herds
- Limited grazing with many holdings/farms
- Limited licenced anthelmintics
9
Q
monitoring for parasites?
A
REGULAR FAECAL EGG COUNTING AND
MONITORING
10
Q
why do we get PGE
A
- Lack of available grazing
- Lack of ability to rotate pasture
- Significant egg numbers excreted
- Pasture ends up with very high burdens
11
Q
which aetiologies to PGE?
A
Teladorsagia (Abomasum)
Trichostrongylus (Small intestine)
Nematodirrus (Small intestine)
Haemonchus (Abomasum)
(Moniezia)
Fluke- Fasciola Heptacia
12
Q
How to avoid Parasitic gastroenteritis?
A
Avoid co-grazing with sheep and camelids
- need goat-specific health plans as parasites/host interaction different
13
Q
Describe Haemonchus Contortus
A
- Late summer
- No D+
- Anaemia
- Hypoproteinaemia - bottle jaw
- Listessness
- Death
- More susceptible than sheep?
14
Q
Describe Fluke?
A
- Not common
- Needs to be on DDX list as possible
- Acute & chronic fluke poss
- Dx on Hx and CE?
15
Q
Acute Fluke?
A
= sudden death from pre-patent fluke through the liver
* Diagnosis on PM
16
Q
Chronic Fluke?
A
= adult fluke in liver causing weight loss/ poor
performance
* Diagnosed with FEC- sediment test
17
Q
Use of FLukicides yes or no?
A
Can be toxic & fatal - use sheep dose DO NOT INC DOSE
18
Q
Describe Eprinex or Epricis?
A
- Licenced product
- Eprinex=Pour on product
- Epricis=Injectable
- Should we be using other products too?
- Nil milk withhold
19
Q
Oral anthelmintics vs injectables?
A
Oral anthelmintics perform better that injectables and pour ons
20
Q
Anthelmintic dose rates?
A
- Goat dose different to sheep dose
21
Q
Correct use
A
- Education of owners on wormer groups
- Education on owners of the application and storage of
products - In date drugs?
- Naïve livestock keepers?
22
Q
SCOPS principles?
A
- Dose to heaviest weight not average weight
- Correct calculations for dosage made
- Accurate weights!
23
Q
What infectious dx does CAE stand for?
A
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
24
Q
CAE (/Maedi Visna) Signs?
A
- Lameness
- Swollen joints -> Carpal joint
- Weight loss
- Reduced milk production -> One side of udder fibrosed
25
Source of infection of CAE?
26
CAE diagnosis?
* Serology- Antibodies
* Antibody +ve= Viraemia
* Clinical cases = Antibody +ve
* Serology can be used for screening
-> False negatives in kids <6 months
27
CAE slow or fast?
* Slow, insidious, can infect herd with very little/ no clinical signs for years
* Chronically infected. Cannot clear virus
28
TX for CAE?
No treatment
No vaccine
Test (serology) and cull
29
Johnes name?
Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
30
Johne's signs?
- wasting
- Anaemia
- Poor milk yields
- Faeces unchanged until very late stages
31
Diagnosis same as cattle?
yes
Faeces- Culture OR PCR
PME- Gross features and Histopathology
Serology- ELISA- beware of negative result
32
Johnes pathoG?
33
Johne's colostrum management?
Avoid feeding pooled colostrum or milk to kids
Snatch kids and rear separately=Avoid feeding colostrum from known positive animals to their own kid
34
Hygiene for Johne's ?
Clean feeding environment
Isolate known positives around kidding time as more likely to shed
35
Culling policy for Johne's?
Culling antibody positive animals- difficult with pet animals if clinical signs are
not a welfare issue
36
Vaccination for Johne's?
not available in UK but licensed in goats and possible to import
37
What is Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)?
C O R Y N E B A C T E R I U M P S E U D O T U B E R C U L O S I S
38
Describe what CLA is in goats?
* Increasing incidence in older animals
* Swollen pus-filled abscess at site of superficial lymph nodes
* Also affect lymph nodes of internal organs
39
Source of infection in CLA?
* Directly sheep to sheep
* Borrowed equipment
* Shearing equipment/shearing wounds
40
Diagnosis for CLA?
* Culture of the pus (need the very middle of abscess)
* Serology -> Late stages serology can be falsely negative
41
Tx for CLA?
* Culling of +ve animals?
* Usually unsuccessful due to intracellular bacteria within the abscess
* Lancing and flushing?
42
What diseases of poor husbandry?
- Bloat/ acidosis
- Metabolic dx
- Urolithiasis
43
Describe Acute ruminal acidosis?
* Free gas bloat or frothy bloat
* Sudden onset- getting into feed, an
obstruction to eructation, extended time in
right lateral recumbency
* Can lead to metabolic acidosis
44
How to manage acute acidosis?
* Deflate goat
> Oral deflation
> Rumenectomy
* Antibiotics
* NSAIDs
* Supportive care
* Transfaunation?
45
Chronic Ruminal Acidosis ?
* Inadequate forage provision-misbalance of microbes
* Frothing green discharge,
* Hx mild discomfort or distended abdomen that comes and goes,
* Poor body condition despite the excess concentrate feeding, on/off
diarrhoea
* Environment- hay on floor, reluctant to eat forage/grass paddocks
only available
46
Tx for chronic bloat?
- Antacids/ educate clients
- Antibiotics
47
what nutritional / metabolic dx in goats?
* Rhododendron poisoning
* Profuse projectile ruminal contents
* Green vomiting and green froth seen round the mouth
* Cardiotoxic
48
Tx of nutritional/metabolic diseases?
* Treat cardiotoxic effects. Binds sodium channels -> Causes bradycardia
Raise HR with caffeine!
* Absorb any more plant within the rumen/encourage it to pass through asap to avoid more digestion
* Charcoal/oil?
49
Other TX for rhodoD poisoning?
- Pain releif - NSAIDs, Buscopan - Antibiotics -changes in rumen flora
- AND risk of ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
50
Describe urolithiasis in Goat MEdicine?
* Small calculi develop in the bladder
* Young castrated males? Females affected?
* Diet is the biggest risk factor to the development of urinal
calculi, reduced water intake, urinary stasis and
increasing urine pH all risk factors
51
CLS of urolithiasis?
* Straining +++- sometimes difficult for owners to know if
straining to urinate or defaecate
* Urinating little and often/dribbling/not a full stream seen
* Very uncomfortable/painful- ‘colic-like symptoms’
* Dried crystals around prepuce ??
* Rectal examination- pulsating urethra
* Often an
52
Why do we see a certain type of stone and which type?
Struvite – phosphate magnesium and
ammonium
Grain high in phosphate, reduced
rumination= less phosphate recycling
53
Medical tx for urolithaisis?
* Buscopan, NSAIDs, increase water intake
* Cross your fingers?
* Urinary Acidifiers
54
Surgical tx for urolithiasis?
* Remove Urethral Process
* Referral surgery
* Tube cystotomy - allow urethra and tissues to recover/
stones within the urethra to dissolve
* Perineal urethrostomy- New opening made in perineal
area if blockage is distal to this. Animal urinates
backwards and down like a female
* Poor prognosis
55
what main two areas of urolithiais?
- Provide adequate fresh water
- Diet
56
What diet components of prevention of urolithiasis?
* High concentrate diets have
approx 1:1 calcium/phosphorus
– This ratio should be 2:1
* Animals with low forage diet →
poorer rumination →reduced
saliva production, saliva high in
phosphorus → reduced
excretion of phos?
57
What other goat diseases?
- C.Perfringens - enterotox
- Coccidiosis
- Neonatal D+ in kids
- Listeriosis
- EctoPs
- Metabolic dx
- Resp dx
- TB
- Lameness
- CODD
- Orf
58
Describe C perfringens in goats?
Commensal- trigger factors
* Acidosis and overfeeding
* Sudden change in
diet/husbandry
* Concurrent illness/injury
‘stress’
59
What two types of C Perfringens infections?
- Peracute and sudden death
- Subacute, profuse mucoid haemorrhagic scour
60
Vaccination against clostridial diseases?
* Multivariant vaccine so covers several clostridial diseases
* Regular boosters
* 6 monthly
* Even more regularly if required
61
Clostridial dx susceptibility in goats?
* Goats only susceptible to a few of clostridial diseases.
* Goat immunity= poor
* Use lowest valency vaccine without Pasteurella antigen
62
Describe Cocci in goats?
One of the most important diseases of goat kids
Immunity is quickly acquired
Different species to sheep- no cross transmission
Self-infection- i.e infection and multiplication of eggs
Risk factors- housed, heavily soiled, damp bedding, heavily
stocked pastures
63
Disgns of Cocci in goat?
WL, D+, Anorexia
64
Diagnosis of Cocci?
FEC but discrepancies should be investigated
65
TX for Coccidiosis?
No licenced drugs
Deccoquinate in feed, Diclazuril/toltrazuril oral dosing
1-2mg/kg of diclazuril 2-4 weeks old
66
What can cause neonatal D+ in Kids?
E coli
Salmonella
Rotavirus
Cryptosporidia
67
Non infectious neonatal D+ in kids?
Poor feeding protocol
Too dilute milk substitute
Haphazard feeding pattern
Dirty utensils.
68
Listeriosis in goat?
One sided neurological signs
* Drooling/hypersalivation
* Nystagmus
* Dropping ear/asymmetry of face
* Pyrexia
* Lethargy and inappetence
69
Diagnosis of Listeriosis?
CSF? Pathology/PM
- Diagnosis based off on farm history and presentation
70
Listeriosis TX?
Antibiotics- blood brain barrier
* Penicillins, oxytetracycline, potentiated sulphonamides
* High doses, twice the dose, twice the frequency
* NSAIDs
* Steroid?
* Fluids!! – very dehydrated due to salivary losses
* General nursing care
71
What extoparasites are goats prone to?
* Susceptible to mites and lice
* Chorioptic mange most common
* Scabbing and pruritis lower limbs, around nose/eyes
and under the belly
* Obvious behaviour- itching
* Sarcoptes and Psoroptes also cause mange
72
Other skin conditions?
- Ringworm
- Pygmy goat syndrome - keratinisation disorder . non pruritic
73
Most common metabolic dx?
Pregnancy toxaemia:
* Overfat doe
* Multiple kids
* Anorexic, lethargic, neurological signs, recumbency
* Reduced rumen space due to kids/lambs
74
Hypocalcaemia?
* Late pregnancy pre-kidding
* Immediately post partum- post kidding
* Subclinical? Depressed and dull around kidding but non-specific
75
Management of hypoCal?
* Apply sheep management and control of nutrition
* Propylene glycol
* Calcium S/C
* Nutrition 4-6 weeks before kidding
* Metabolic profiles
76
What most common cause of Pasteurella ?
- Pasteurella multocida
- Manhaemia haemolytica
77
describe pastuerella in goat?
* Acute or subacute. Respiratory signs rather than the
septicaemic form as discussed in sheep
* Live animals presented with significant respiratory disease
* Prognosis guarded
* ‘SHOW COUGH’- transportation/stress cause?
78
Lungworm in goats?
not common, exercise intolerance. Non-specific signs
79
Bovine TB in goats?
- Any goats are at risk
- No regular testing required unless APHA request it as in an area of uncontrolled bovine TB
80
Lameness causes ?
- Overgrown feet
- Foot rot
- Trauma
- CODD
81
Overgrown feet?
* More so than seen in sheep? Due to wet environments with little hard ground
* Can cause significant lameness
* Pet animals?
82
Foot rot?
* Fusobacterium nodosus + Fusobacterium necrophoram
* Seen in a similar presentation to sheep- infection of interdigital space and
underrunning of horn
* Less severe cases? Usually scald
* Seen in housed goats
* Outbreaks seen in housed goats if bedding wet and heavily soiled
83
What other important disease can happen in goats? ORF
