Magor-3 Flashcards
When does immune response happen?
As soon as barrier has been breached
What is released as a result of tissue damage?
DAMPs
How do phagocytes migrate to site of inflammation?
chemotaxis
local consequences of inflammation
- increased blood flow and vasodilation - increased blood pressure and fluid accumulation in tissue
- increased leukocyte extravasation and anti-microbial activity
- swelling and local damage by anti-microbial processes
Local consequences of inflammation (with latin)
- increased heat and redness (calor and rubor)
- swelling (tumor)
- pus
- pain (dolor)
Are PAMPs necessary for inflammation to occur?
No
What is inflammation usu. associated with?
tissue damage
How do APCs detect tissue damage?
by sensing for DAMPs
What do necrotic cells release and what is the result?
- danger signals
- activates tissue macrophages
What do activated macrophages recruit?
neutrophils and monocytes
How do activated macrophages recruit other immune cells?
producing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
Integrin
proteins that mediate stronger cell-cell adhesion
What first slows leukocyte down through blood vessel?
weak mucin-selectin interactions
Purpose of making leukocyte go to rolling mode
keeping it close to endothelium as possible and can respond to chemokines
What does the recruited leukocyte do after it senses chemokines?
makes integrins (LFA-1)
What happens after leukocytes developed integrins?
They attach to ICAM-1 on blood vessels and diapedesis can happen
When do monocytes differentiate into tissue macrophages?
When they enter the tissue
4 phases of inflammation
- initiation
- amplification
- regulation
- repair (homeostasis)
What do neutrophil granule contents promote?
monocyte extravasation
Functions of apoptotic neutrophils
- monocyte recruitment
- soak up excess chemokines
What program initiates in macrophages during its uptake of apoptotic neutrophils?
pro-resolution program
What chemicals does the pro-resolution program increase?
TGF-beta and IL-10
What in the macrophage promotes repair?
growth factors
What does TGF-beta and IL-10 induce on macrophages?
anti-inflammatory response
What 2 things can aid phagocytosis (recognition-wise)
PRRs and opsonins
What are NETs?
- neutrophil extracellular traps
- neutrophil chromatin is broken down and expelled towards pathogen to trap it
What signals neutrophils to do NET response?
signals from its PRRs
Function of IL-8
chemo-attractant for leukocyte extravasation
IL-1beta and TNF-alpha function
pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-10 and TGF-beta funciton
repair cytokines needed for resolution of immune response
What induces liver to make acute phase proteins?
IL-6, IL-1, and TNF
What are 2 types of acute phase proteins?
- C-reactive proteins
- Mannose-binding lectins
What is the effect of acute phase proteins on bone marrow?
myelopoiesis and recruitment
Function of C-reactive proteins?
- bind to phosphocholine on bacteria
- act as opsonin
- activate complement
Function of mannose-binding lectin?
- bind mannose residues on bacteria
- act as opsonin
- activate complement
