Magor-2

Question 1

Function of TLR

Answer 1

• detect PAMPs and DAMPs

- produce antimicrobials, antivirals, cytokines; inflammation

Question 2

3 parts of TLR

Answer 2

• has ligand-binding exterior domain
• membrane spanning domain
• interior Toll/IL-1R domain

Question 3

Function of TLR Interior Toll/IL-1R domain (TIR)

Answer 3

• Interacts with TIR domains of other members of TLR signal transductions
• adaptor proteins bind here

Question 4

What is the ligand-binding end of TLR made of?

Answer 4

• Leucine rich repeats (LRRs) (20-40 aa per repeat)

- has alpha helix and beta strand

Question 5

What does TLR1 recognize?

Answer 5

• lipopeptides microbe (Gram -)

Question 6

What does TLR2 recognize?

Answer 6

• Gram + bacteria

- parasite and fungus

Question 7

What does TLR3 recognize?

Answer 7

dsRNA = virus

Question 8

What does TLR4 recognize?

Answer 8

• LPS –> Gram -ve

- fungus

Question 9

What does TLR5 recognize?

Answer 9

flagellin –> microbe

Question 10

Example of TLR that binds directly to PAMPs

Answer 10

TLR5

Question 11

What does TLR4 need to indirectly bind a PAMP?

Answer 11

CD14, MD-2 and LBP

Question 12

What directs what type of cytokines made?

Answer 12

Adaptor molecules that bind the TIR domain

Question 13

What do NLRs detect?

Answer 13

peptidoglycan and flagellin

Question 14

What do RLRs detect?

Answer 14

ssRNA (-ve sense)

Question 15

What can NLRs and RLRs do? (broadly)

Answer 15

amplify or block TLR signalling

Question 16

What doe C-type lectin receptors (CLR) detect?

Answer 16

Carbohydrate PAMPs using CLR

Question 17

4 types of pattern recognition families

Answer 17

TLR, CLR, RLR, and NLR

Question 18

What molecules are normally on cell surface in healthy cells?

Answer 18

CD47 and CD31

Question 19

2 major DAMPs

Answer 19

mitochondrial membrane and DNA

Question 20

Who developed clonal selection theory?

Answer 20

Sir Macfarlane Burnet

Question 21

Who proposed the idea of PAMPs and DAMPs?

Answer 21

• Charlie Janeway

- Polly Matzinger

Question 22

What can TLR2 be paired with?

Answer 22

TLR1 and TLR6

Question 23

What does TLR1/TLR2 recognize?

Answer 23

triacyl lipopeptide

Question 24

What does TLR1/TLR6 recognize?

Answer 24

diacyl lipopetide

Question 25

What is the TIR domain?

Answer 25

Toll and Interleukin-1 Receptor

Question 26

What does SIGIRR doe?

Answer 26

negatively regulate TLRs

- blocks signalling

Question 27

Structure of CLR signalling domain

Answer 27

has ITAM motif

Question 28

What does ITAM stand for?

Answer 28

Immune Tyrosine Activating Motif

Question 29

Where are PRRs found?

Answer 29

pAPCs, barrier cells (epithelial and mucosal cells), and endothelial cells

Question 30

5 reasons for redundancy in pattern recognition

Answer 30

• makes sure host recognizes something in the pathogen
• reduce chances of autoimmune damage by cross-signalling
• better control of the type of response via cross-talk
• better control of the resolution of a response via cross-talk
• redundancy probably resulted from gene duplication events

Question 31

Function of NLRs?

Answer 31

produce antimicrobials and cytokines, inflammation

Question 32

Function of RLRs?

Answer 32

produce interferons and cytokines

Question 33

Functions of CLRs?

Answer 33

produce antimicrobials and cytokines, inflammation and phagocytosis