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BIO 130.01 > M2: Chemical Basis of Heredity > Flashcards

M2: Chemical Basis of Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of a Genetic Material

A
  1. Replication
  2. Storage of Information
  3. Variation by Mutation
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2
Q

Direct Proof that DNA is a Genetic Material

A
  1. Avery-Macleod-McCarty Experiment
    - DNA causes a transformation in bacteria
  2. Hershey-Chase Experiment
    - DNA directs the reproduction of viruses
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3
Q

Indirect Proof that DNA is a Genetic Material

A
  1. Griffith’s Transforming Principle
  2. Recombinant DNA Technology
  3. Phage DNA-mediated infection
  4. DNA absorbance wavelength
  5. DNA found on organelles
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4
Q

Building blocks of DNA

A

2-deoxyribonucleotide

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5
Q

Building blocks of RNA

A

ribonucleotide

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6
Q

Bond between phosphate and pentose sugar

A

Phosphoester bond

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7
Q

Bond between base and pentose sugar

A

n-glycosidic bond

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8
Q

Difference between 2-deoxyribose and ribose

A

presence of -OH group in 2’ of pentose sugar in Ribose

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9
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Single rings like Thymine, Uracil and Cytosine

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10
Q

Purine

A

Double rings like Adenine and Guanine

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11
Q

Bond between 2 nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester bond

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12
Q

Basis of Watson and Crick DNA model

A

B DNA

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13
Q

Suggested that DNA is similar to a helix

A

X-ray Diffraction Data

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14
Q

Position of nitrogenous bases

A

Nitrogenous bases are planar, perpendicular to the axis, and stacked on one another

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15
Q

Diameter of DNA

A

20 A or 2.0 nm

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16
Q

Covalent bonds in DNA

A

bases and sugar (phosphodiester bond)

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17
Q

Hydrophobic bond in DNA

A

Stacked base pairs

18
Q

Erwin Chargaff rule

A

A=T & C=G

19
Q

DNA that is prevalent under high-salt or dehydration conditions

A

A-DNA

20
Q

DNA with greater dehydration condition than A/B DNA

A

C-DNA

21
Q

DNA occurring in helices lacking in guanine

A

D & E DNA

22
Q

Artificially stretched DNA

A

P-DNA

23
Q

Small synthetics DNA oligonucleotide with G-C pairings

A

Z-DNA

24
Q

DNA organization in Eukaryotes

A
  1. DNA double helix (2 nm)
  2. Chromatin (11 nm)
  3. Chromatin fibre (30 nm)
  4. Extended Chromosome (300 nm)
  5. Condensed Chromosome (700 nm)
  6. Mitotic Chromosome (1400 nm)

*ideally, the measurements are familiarize

25
Q

First level of packaging

DNA unwinding around histones

A

Nucleosome

26
Q

Second level of packaging

six-fold compaction

A

Solenoid

27
Q

First to observed Polytene chromosomes

A

E.G. Balbiani

28
Q

Giant chromosomes formed during interphase found in fly larvaes, protozoans and plants

A

Polytene Chromosmes

29
Q

Linear series of alternating bands and interbands

Paired homologs

A

Bands in Polytene Chromosomes

30
Q

Visible manifestation of inidividual genes

A

Chromomeres

31
Q

Visible manifestations of high level transcription

localized unwinding

`

A

Puffs in Polytene Chromosomes

32
Q

Resemble brushes that is observable in oocytes and spermatocyte

Occurs meiosis I at chismata

A

Lampbrush Chromosome

33
Q

Process of inducing reversible changes in chromatin structure

A

Chromatin Remodeling

34
Q

Opening of Chromatin

A

Histone Modification

35
Q

Gene activation

Requires histone acetyltransferase

A

Acetylation

36
Q

Gene repression

Requires methyltransferase

A

Methylation

37
Q

Gene activation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and damage repair

Requires kinase

A

Phosphorylation

38
Q

DNA Organization in Bacteria

A
  • Supercoiling
  • Short surface area
  • Devoid of Associated proteins

* May also include functionally inert after packaging

39
Q

DNA structuring protein influence DNA compaction such as bridging, wrapping, and bending

A

Nucleoid-Associated Protein

Alternatives of Histone in Bacteria and Viruses

40
Q

DNA Organization in Virus

A
  • Supercoiling
  • Active when released into a host cell

*Functionally inert as well after packaging

41
Q

Prone to mutation

A

RNA virus

BIO 130.01 (12 decks)

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