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BIO 130.01 > M1: Sex Determination > Flashcards

M1: Sex Determination Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basis of Sex Determination in an Organism

A

Genes and Sex Autosomes

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2
Q

Females have two X chromosome and Males have one X chromosome. Unequal chromosome number, female have more sex chromosome

A

Protenor System (XX/XO)

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3
Q

Basis for Protenor System

A

Protenor Butterfly

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4
Q

Equal chromosome number and most famous sex determination

A

Lygaeus System (XX/XY)

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5
Q

Characteristics of Male in Lygaeus System

A
  • Heterogametic
  • Unlike Gametes
  • Heteromorphic Chromosomes
  • Determines sex of progeny
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6
Q

Characteristics of Female in Lygaeus System

A
  • Homogametic
  • Like Gametes
  • Homomorphic Chromosomes
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7
Q

Opposite of Lygaeus System and females dictate the sex of pyrogeny

A

ZW system (ZZ/ZW)

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8
Q

Females are diploid and Males are haploid

A

Haplo-Diplo System

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9
Q

Neither male nor female intervenes and need to find haploid alleles

A

X Chromosomes: Haploid Number

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10
Q

A threshold for maleness is reached when the X:A ratio is 1:2

A

Genic Balance Theory

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11
Q

Ratio of X chromosomes: 1.0 - 1.5

A

Female

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12
Q

Ratio of X chromosomes: 0.67 - 0.75

A

Intersex

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13
Q

Ratio of X chromosomes: 0.33 - 0.50

A

Male

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14
Q

Incubation temperature of eggs during a critical period of embryonic development

A

Temperature Variation

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15
Q

Houses the genetic information necessary for maleness and trigger gonodal ridge development into ovaries or testes

A

Y chromosome in Humans

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16
Q

Only region that synapses and recombine with X-Chromosome during meiosis

A

Pseudo Autosomal Region (PAR)

17
Q

Non-recombining region of Y and share homology with genes on X chromosome

A

Male-Specific Region of Y (MSY)

18
Q

Region that contains functional genes

A

Euchromatic regions

19
Q

Region that lacks genes

A

Heterochromatic regions

20
Q

Originally derived from the X chromosome

A

X-transposed Region

21
Q

Contains DNA sequences that are even more distantly related to those present on the X chromosome

A

X-degenerative Region

22
Q

Critical gene that controls male sexual development

A

Sex-determining Region of Y (SRY)

23
Q

Causes the undifferentiated gonadal tissue of the embryo to form the testes

A

Testis-determining Factor (TDF)

24
Q

Lack of counterparts on X chromosome and expression is limited to Testes

A

Amplionic Region

25
Q

Associated with an increased risk of congenital disorders of the offspring

A

Y Chromosome and Paternal Age Effects (PAE)

26
Q

Genetic mechanism that balances the due of X chromosome gene expression in males and females

A

Dosage Compensation

27
Q

3 Dosage Compensation Mechanisms

A
  1. Downregulation of X-linked genes in females
  2. Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in males
  3. Inactivation of one copy of X-linked genes in females
28
Q

Process of inactivation of an X chromosome

A

Lyonization

29
Q

They developed the Lyon Hypothesis

A

Mary Lyon and Liane Russel

30
Q

Inactivation of X chromosome at early embryonic development and all descendant cells have the same X chromosome inactivated their initial progenitor cell

A

Lyon Hypothesis

31
Q

Physical Evidence of Lyonization

A
  1. Barr Body
  2. Mosaicism
32
Q

Sex chromatin body and lies against the nuclear envelope

A

Barr Body

33
Q

They developed the Barr Body

A

Murray L. Barr and Evart G. Bertuan

34
Q

Barr body arises from one of two X chromosome

A

Ohno’s Hypothesis

35
Q

Formula for number of Barr Bodies

A

N - 1

36
Q

Does not normally occur in the very early stages of development

A

Barr Body Formation

37
Q

Formation of mosaic patterns in heterozygous females

A

Mosaicism

BIO 130.01 (8 decks)

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