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BIO 130.01 > M1: Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

M1: Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Unit of inheritance
  • Mendel’s unit factors
A

Gene

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2
Q

Alternative forms of a single gene

A

Allele

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3
Q

Allele Phenotypes

A

Dominant and Recessive trait

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4
Q

Symbolizes the character in question

A

First letter of the recessive trait

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5
Q

Physical expression
- Trait
- Information contained in the gene

A

Phenotype

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6
Q

Designates the genetic makeup of an individual for the trait it describes (whether diploid and haploid)

A

Genotype

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7
Q

Individual with identical alleles at one or more loci

A

Homozygote/Homozygous

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8
Q

Individual with different alleles at one or more loci

A

Heterozygote/Heterozygous

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9
Q

Plant used in Mendel’s Model Experimental Approach

A

Pisum sativum (Garden Pea)

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10
Q

Reason for using Garden Pea

A
  • Easy to grow
  • Grows to maturity in a single season
  • Reproduces well
  • Self-fertilizing in nature
  • Easy to cross-breed experimentally
  • Easy to hybridize artificially
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11
Q

One pair of contrasting traits
(1 character)

A

Monohybrid cross

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12
Q

In Monohybrid Cross, it expresses the same trait exhibited by one of the parents

A

F1 Offspring

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13
Q

In Monohybrid Cross, it shows a ratio of 3:1

A

F2 Offspring

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14
Q

In Monohybrid Cross, results are not

A

Results are not sex dependent

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15
Q

Mendel’s Principle of Inheritance

A
  1. The Principle of Unit Factors in Pairs
  2. The Principle of Segregation
  3. The Principle of Dominance
  4. The Principle of Independent Assortment
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16
Q

Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors existing in pairs in individual organisms

A

Principle of Unit Factors in Pairs

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17
Q

When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive

A

Principle of Dominance

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18
Q

During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate, or segregate, randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood

A

Principle of Segregation

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19
Q

He developed the Punnet Squares

A

Reginald C. Punnett

20
Q

A diagram used to easily visualize the genotypes and phenotypes resulting from the recombination of gametes during fertilization

A

Punnet Square

21
Q

He devised the Test Cross

A

Mendel

22
Q

A test devised by Mendel to distinguish the genotypes of F2 offspring showing the dominant phenotype

A

Test Cross

23
Q

During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors (alleles) assort independently of each other

A

Principle of Independent Assortment

24
Q

Examination of two characters simultaneously (Two-factor cross)

A

Dihybrid Cross

25
Q
  1. Unit Factors in Pairs - Prophase I
  2. Segregation of Unit Factors during gamete formation - Anaphase I
  3. Independent Assortment of Segregating Unit Factors - M2
A

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

26
Q

Inheritance of Multiple Traits and Three-factor cross

A

Trihybrid cross

27
Q

An event is certain not to occur

A

0

28
Q

The probability of obtaining any single outcome, where that outcome can be achieved by two or more events, is equal to the sum of the individual probabilities of all such events

A

Sum Law

29
Q

An event is certain to occur

A

1

30
Q

The probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

A

Product Law

31
Q

Evaluates the influence of chance on genetic data and assessment of the null hypothesis (H0)

A

Chi-square Analysis

32
Q

No real difference exists between measured values and predicted values. Any apparent difference can be attributed purely to chance

A

Null Hypothesis

33
Q

Observed deviation from the expected result cannot be attributable to chance alone

A

(Null Hypothesis) is Rejected

34
Q

Any observed deviations are attributed to chance

A

(Null Hypothesis) Fails to be Rejected

35
Q

p < 0.05

A

Rejected, Predicted is not equal to Observed

36
Q

p > 0.05 or p = 0.05

A

Fails to be Rejected, Predicted is equal to Observed

37
Q

Dominant Human Genetic Condition

A

Achondroplasia and Brachydactyly

38
Q

Abnormal bone growth and dwarfism

A

Achondroplasia

39
Q

Shortening of fingers and Toes

A

Brachydactyly

40
Q

Recessive Human Genetic Conditions

A

Albinism and Alkaptonuria

41
Q

Lack of pigment

A

Albinism

42
Q

Black urine disease

A

Alkaptonuria

43
Q

Used to determine the mode of inheritance if designed crosses are not possible and relatively few offsprings are available for study

A

Pedigree Analysis

44
Q

A family tree indicating the presence or absence of the trait in question for each member of each generation

A

Pedigree

45
Q

i. Either 1-3 or 1-4 are heterozygous
ii. Traits skips generations
iii. Traits appear equally in both sexes

A

Inheritance of Autosomal Recessive Traits

46
Q

i. i-1 is heterozygous for a dominant allele
ii. Traits almost appear in each generation
iii. Affected individuals have affected parents
iv. Traits appear equally in both sexes

A

Inheritance of Autosomal Dominant Traits

BIO 130.01 (8 decks)

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