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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of lymphatic system (3)

A
  • fluid balance: 10% fluid released into tissues by capillaries drains back through lymphatic vessels
  • filtration: filters out antigens
  • immune response: specific (adaptive) defense; produces, matures, maintains lymphocytes
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2
Q

lymph

A

interstitial fluid that is drained from the tissues

travels in vessels (lymphatics)

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3
Q

lymphatics

A

lymph vessels that direct the collected lymph into the venous system

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4
Q

primary lymphoid organs and tissue

A

bone marrow - b cells
thymus gland - t cells

produce and mature lymphocytes

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5
Q

secondary lymphoid organs and tissue

A 
spleen
appendix
lymph nodes
tonsils
MALT

-activate lymphocytes - filtration and immune response

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6
Q

clonal proliferation

A

activated and sensitized to attack specific foreign antigen, give multiple copies of activated tissue

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7
Q

lymph capillaries (terminal lymphatics)

A
  • closed-end structures
  • composed of overlapping endothelial cells with incomplete basement membrane
  • overlapping allows for larger openings than cardiac, allows large solutes (proteins, viruses, cells) into lymph
  • anchoring filaments (microfilament like fibers and elastin fibers that connect to ECM)
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8
Q

collecting lymphatics

A
  • larger lymphatic vessels are like veins in structure but thinner walls
  • all have overlapping endothelium and incomplete basement membrane
  • larger vessels have thin layer of smooth muscle and an adventitial layer
  • MANY valves - at high risk for backflow
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9
Q

2 ways lymphatics exist

A

superficial vessels in areolar connective tissue
or
deep lymphatics with cardiovascular support to muscle and other organs

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10
Q

how does lymphatic circulation begin

A

lymph capillaries filtering lymph from interstitial fluid

-trunks drain into one of 2 collecting ducts (right or left (thoracic)

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11
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects from right side of body superior to diaphragm

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12
Q

thoracic (left) lymphatic

A

collects from left side above diaphragm and entire lower body
more than right lymphatic

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13
Q

how does the lymphatic system return fluid to the venous circulation

A

through connections to subclavian veins

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14
Q

cisterna chyli

A

where all lymphatic from lower body is drained into - lower limbs and abdominopelvic drained here

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15
Q

primary lymphatic organ that receives immature T cell lymphocytes from the bone marrow

A

thymus

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16
Q

thymus structure

A
  • fibrous protective capsule where internal extensions (septa) divide the gland into lobules
  • each lobule arranged with an outer cortex layer and an inner medulla
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17
Q

what does the cortex of the thymus contain

A

thymic epithelial cell (TEC) aggregates that regulate T cell maturation

  • TEC act to form thymic blood barrier
18
Q

process of all immature T cells

A

enter through cortex, undergo 2 step selection process, if successful then they leave through the medulla to enter circulation

19
Q

journey through the thymus is…

A

rough - about 90% do not make it through the thymus at the end of selection

20
Q

immature T cells enter the thymus cortical layer as

A

double negative cells - do not possess CD4 or CD8 receptors

21
Q

mhc II

A

cd4

t helper cells

22
Q

mhc I

A

cd8

cytotoxic t cells

23
Q

exposure to signaling from thymic hormones results in

A

double positive cells

have both cd4 AND cd8

24
Q

as t cells migrate through the cortex they show binding affinity for

A

either mhc I or mhc II

25
Q

cells that fail to bind in thymus

A

are ignored and allowed to die

26
Q

negative selection

A

as T cells migrate to the medulla, exposed to antigens and self-markers

  • any that bind with high affinity are subject to apoptosis - they cannot tolerate “self”
  • intolerant cells are selected against to protect body from autoimune responses
  • cells that survive go into circulation
27
Q

bone marrow

A

b cells do not do positive selection, do something similar to negative selection

  • ensure they will tolerate self
  • go through maturity in bone marrow
  • once released go to secondary organs
28
Q

what is spleen composed of

A

lymphoid tissue but not served by any lymph vessels

29
Q

splenic artery

A

enters at hilium, branches, and capillaries release the blood into sinuses
NOT a closed circuit of vessels in spleen

30
Q

how is the spleen protected

A

connective tissue capsule

composed of red and white pulp

31
Q

red pulp

A

has the sinuses and a reticular fiber network
RBC that survive the distortion of the network return to circulation through splenic vein

-contains high concentration of RBC and macrophages and scattered lymphocytes

32
Q

what does the spleen act as during hemorrhage

A

reservoir

spleen holds less than 150cc blood

33
Q

white pulp

A

contains lymphoid tissue and has high concentration of B and T lymphocytes

34
Q

macrophages in sinuses

A

recycle old RBCs that rupture when passing through reticular network

35
Q

lymphocytes in red pulp

A

screen for foreign antigens and recruit additional lymphocytes from the white pulp

36
Q

where can you find a high concentration of lymph nodes

A

throat, GI, groin

places where you are more likely to get an infection

37
Q

lymph node organization

A

more organized than red or white pulp, it has follicles

subcapsule: for afferent vessel bringing interstitial fluid

connective tissue forming trabeculae - give follicles
outer area: cortex: all follicles have germinal areas - naive b and t cells - produce clones of themselves here

goes into medullary area, comes out efferent vessels

38
Q

flow through lymph nodes

A
  • afferent vessels direct lymph to node
  • lymph enters subcapsular sinus- macrophages start antigen processing
  • antigen presented to unsensitized b cells in germinal layer of cortex
  • lymph flows to deep cortex and exposed to T cells
  • lymph enters medullary sinus which contains medullary cords containing plasma cells
  • fluid exits through efferent vessels

nodes are filtering system for immune defense

39
Q

MALT

A
  • lack a protective fibrous capsule
  • exist as aggregates or nodules of lymphoid tissue in areolar connective tissue

-nodules concentrated in regions susceptible to pathogen entry

40
Q

examples of MALT

A

tonsils
peyer’s patches
appendix

41
Q

2 types of immunity

A

innate and acquired

42
Q

physical barriers in innate immunity

A 
skin
mucous membranes
saliva
flushing action of tears and urine
stomach acid

stop infection before it enters the body

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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