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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 4: Digestive System Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Digestive System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where does the duodenum receive secretions from

A

liver and pancreas

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2
Q

main function of duodenum

A

carries out majority of chemical digestion

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3
Q

duodenal secretions (4)

A

secretin
CCK
GIP
Maltase, sucrase, lactase

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4
Q

secretin

A

triggered by acid from stomach
stimulates pancreas and gallbladder to release water and bicarb
water to dilute the acid and bicarb to neutralize

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5
Q

CCK

A

gives contractions in gallbladder and secretions from pancreas to have enzymes coming in

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6
Q

GIP

A

released if eat heavy meal and ned to slow the release of nutrients coming through from stomach

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7
Q

maltase, sucrase, lactase

A

enzymes released from wall of duodenum
take disaccharides and break into simple sugars - rest of digestion

maltase and sucrase produce for rest of life
lactase: some people can only make when young and become lactose intolerant

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8
Q

duodenum secretions received from gallbladder (liver)

A
  • bile salts: emulsify fats, lipid and cholesterol with charged ends, embed in larger complexes of fats to repel and break down
  • bicarbonate: neutralizes
  • wastes: billirubin, cholesterol
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9
Q

duodenum secretions received from pancreas

A

amylases - break carbohydrates
proteases and peptidases-activated by enterokinases, into AA
lipase: fats
nuclease: nucleic acids

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10
Q

portal system of liver

A
  • to absorb from intestines and stomach and salvage operations in spleen
    -many portal veins
    -superior mesenteric vein: SI and beginning of LI
    -inferior mesenteric vein: lower part of LI, colon
    -gastrosplenic vein: combo of gastro and spleen
    fuse to get hepatic portal vein
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11
Q

functions of the liver (7)

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism: regulating blood glucose levels
  • lipid metabolism: breaks down fats, processes cholesterol and triglycerides, produes bile salts
  • protein metabolism: proteins for clotting, transport, plasma proteins, proteins for gluconeogenesis
  • detoxification of drugs and hazardous materials

vitamin D activation
storage
excretion

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12
Q

where are secretions of the liver stored

A

gallbladder

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13
Q

nutrients absorbed from the lower GI tract and spleen are directed to the liver through the

A

hepatic portal system

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14
Q

exocrine secretions from pancreas (5)

A

pancreatic amylase: carbohydrates into disaccharides
proteases: trypsin and chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
pancreatic lipase
nucleases: ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

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15
Q

if gallstone blocks common bile duct

A

no waste products coming in, no bicarb or bile salts coming through
issue with jaundice bc billirubin build up - problem digesting and breaking down nutrients
-painful but not life-threatening

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16
Q

if gallstone down in ampulla

A

blocks secretions from the pancreas itself
pancreas stimulated anytime food passes into SI - keeps sending CCK signals
if blocked, activated enzymes attack pancreas, pancreatitis
liver and pancreas damaged
CAN kill you

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17
Q

jejunum

A

primary site of nutrient absorption

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18
Q

plica circulares

A

jejunum permanent transverse folds tha are covered in villi that have microvilli (high SA)

Plica, villi, microvill - all inc absorbitive SA

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19
Q

absorption in villi of jejunum - 2 ways

A

capillary bed

lacteal

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20
Q

capillary bed absorption in villi (5)

A

glucose and galactose - cotransport with Na+
fructose: facilitated diffusion
AA: active transport
Small lipids: simple diffusion
water soluble vitamins (C and most B) - active transport - NO B12 until ileum

21
Q

lacteal absorption - villi (2)

A

lacteal: lipid capillary
cholesterol and fatty acids - absorbed in complexes (chylomicrons)- brings into blood supply to be processed
fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

22
Q

how do chylomicrons transport lipids from the diet

A

through the lymph and into the circulatory syste

23
Q

Apoproteins

A

form the transport unit and regulate interaction with tissues

24
Q

ApoC

A

transport and interaction with adipose to put triglycerides into storage

25
Q

ApoE

A

interaction with hepatic and nerve cells

helps give cholesterol or fat to nerve cells

26
Q

remnants of chylomicrons are taken up by the liver and used to produce

A

VLDLs

27
Q

VLDLs

A

distribute lipids to the tissues

28
Q

HDLs

A

used as scavenging system to return cholesterol to the liver

29
Q

ApoA

A

HDLs help bind and transport cholesterol

30
Q

dietary fat processing once in bloodstream (endogenous pathway)

A

-some fatty acids may get taken out by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
-IDL: chylomicron dropped off some triglycerides
can give off all triglycerides and just have cholesterol - LDL taken into liver

31
Q

if excess cholesterol and fats than you need

A

need to scavenge, receptor dependent pathway - their tissues need for hormones or membranes can get from LDL supply
can get plaques
macrophages help clean up

32
Q

while liver making and putting out LDLs it also makes

A

HDLs that have no cholesterol , they are the scavengers and go into the blood nd pick up cholesterol to clean it out
then return to liver and throw it out with bile

33
Q

should you be concerned if lowHDLs but normal LDLS

A

yes bc HDLs help clean up the excess cholesterol

34
Q

ileum

A

absorbitive but less SA than jejunum
primarily absorbs water and electrolytes lost in secretions
receptors to transport/absorb complex of intrinsic factor and V B12

Peyer’s patches aid in immunological defense

34
Q

ileum

A

absorbitive but less SA than jejunum
primarily absorbs water and electrolytes lost in secretions
receptors to transport/absorb complex of intrinsic factor and V B12

Peyer’s patches aid in immunological defense

35
Q

3 types of enterogastric reflexes

A

enterogastric reflex
gastrocolic reflex
colonileal reflex

36
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

high acid levels inhibit gastrin and slow stomach emptying

37
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

distension of stomach inc motility in intestines
why when osmeone eats they have to use restroom 25-40 min later - moves through intestines to make more room for new food coming in

38
Q

coloineal reflex

A

regulates movement from SI to colon (ileocecal valve)

39
Q

large intestine (colon) structure

A

thinner walls than SI
several ribbons of smooth muscle (tenia coli) run the length of colon
Haustrations or pouches of the wall are connected to the tenia coli
appendix at end of colon

40
Q

appendix composition

A

lmphatic tissue - role in maintaining normal flora - defensive mechanism

41
Q

what does the normal flora produce

A

several vitamines (K, biotin, B5) that are absorbed in colon
- normal bacteria produces here like E.coli
also takes up space to outcrowd the bacteria

when people take large doses of antibiotics like erythromycin they can kill off and dirupt normal flora - GIupset

42
Q

what does the colon absorb

A

electrolytes and water

43
Q

where is the rectum in women vs men

A

women: behind uterus - uterus between bladder and rectum
men: behind bladder

44
Q

diverticulosis

A

when weak area of colon (diverticula) from out-pockets in the wall
not a lot of fiber in diet , suffering from constipation - get openings - not smooth walls

45
Q

divertiulitis

A

if divertiulosa become infected this painful and dangerous condition develops
when you get something stuck in here
- if ruptures: can get peritonitis which is life threatening
if swelling but no rupture - get blockage and causes necrosis of tissue

if another intestine closer can get fistula

genetic predisposition for some

46
Q

defecation

A

peristaltic activity moves fecal mater from colon into rectum

distension of rectal wall initiates defecation reflex

contraction of rectal wall puts P on internl sphincter

opening internal sphincter puts P on external (voluntary) anal sphincter which can be opened to expel feces

if no defecation: feces return to sigmoidal colon until peristaltic waves inc P

47
Q

how can gas pass without opening the external sphincter

A

channels/grooves in anal canal

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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