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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 3: Endocrine Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Endocrine Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where are the adrenal glands located? composed of?

A

located on the superior border of the kidneys
2 types of tissue
- glandular epithelium : cortex
- nerve tissue: medulla

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2
Q

cortex epithelium layers general characteristics

A

all steroid hormones, ACTH helps them get chlesterol and resist apoptosis

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3
Q

ACTH only directly effects the secretion of glucocorticoids from ____

A

zona fasciculata

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4
Q

3 layers of cortex epithelium

A

zona glomerulosa: mineral corticoids
zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids - fluid and electrolyte balance
zona reticularis: androgens - negligible amounts - if tumor you would not notice in men but would in women bc you would start to get masculinization

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5
Q

medulla

A

post ganglionic sympathetic nervous tissue - NE and epinephrine

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6
Q

aldosterone - zona glomerulosa

regulation

A

negative feedback loop in response to increased K+, decreased Na+, or decreased blood volume or P
release also stimulated by angiotensin II

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7
Q

aldosterone - zona glomerulosa

action

A

inc sodium and BP/V
inc permeability in kidney distal and collecting tubules by stimulating production of Na+ pumps
inc both Na+ and water
reabsorption
enhances ADH
stimulates taste bud sensitivity to salt- crave salty foods if dehydrated

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8
Q

short term activation of ACTH, chronic stress and ACTH release can convert glomerulosa to….

A

fasciculate with aldosterone secretion decreasing

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9
Q

cortisol - zona fasciculata

regulation

A

negative feedback loop with ACTH

circadian release, highest in morning, stimulated in response to stress

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10
Q

cortisol - zona fasciculata

action

A

inc blood sugar, promotes protein catabolism and AA release from cells
stimulates AA uptake and GLUCONEOGENESIS in liver
inhibits glucose uptake in muscles and adipose
stimulates lipolysis
suppresses inflammation and immune response
- infection risk if on lots of steroids

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11
Q

DHEA (androgen) - zona reticularis

regulation

A

small amounts released in response to ACTH

converted to testosterone in testes and adipose tissue

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12
Q

DHEA (androgen)-zona reticulata

action

A

not significant - action overshadowed by sex hormones
promotes bone and muscle growth in children
no effect in adult males
majority converted to estrogen in women
promotes blood cell production and muscle maintenance in women

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13
Q

a1, a2, b1,b2,b3

A

a1: vascular tissue
a2: digestive
b1: heart
b2: lungs
b3: adipose

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14
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

regulation

A

direct stimulation by sympathetic nervous system in response to stress

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15
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

action

A

inc HR and force of contractions
stimulates vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, pupil dilation
lipolysis and glycogenolysis
inc metabolic rate, inhibits GI secretion
80% released is epinephrine

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16
Q

kidney

A

filters the blood and is perfect site for monitoring blood composition
hormones in kidney inc blood oxygen levels and blood volume

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17
Q

erythropoietin

regulation

A

negative feedback loop

released in response to decreased oxygen levels in blood

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18
Q

erythropoietin

action

A

promotes production of erythrocytes in bone marrow

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19
Q

where is erythropoietin produced

A

interstitial cells that are associated with capillaries in kidney, peritubular capillaries are primary site of action

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20
Q

using EPO as a treatment

A

cancer patients if on chemo that is damaging bone marrow and they get anemia from treatment, can be given EPO
athletes run at high altitudes get release of this - some athletes inject EPO

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21
Q

renin

regulation

A

an ENZYME
negative feedback loop
released in response to dec Na+ levels or blood volume
inhibited by ANP and BNP

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22
Q

renin

action

A

converts serum protein angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

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23
Q

renin activates what 2 hormones

A 
salt hormone (ADH)
water hormone (aldosterone)
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24
Q

angiotensinogen

regulation and action

A

liver
regulation: negative feedback loop ; serum level regulated by liver
action: none
converted to angiotensin I by renin

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25
Q 
somatomedin c (IGF-1)
regulation and action
A

liver

regulation: release stimulated by Growth Hormone
action: negative feedback loop to regulate GH output

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26
Q

angiotensin II

regulation

A

LUNGS

regulation: initiated by renin release

27
Q

angiotensin II

action

A

promotes vasoconstriction
stimulates release of aldosterone
indirectly enhances ADH

28
Q

what lung enzymes activate angiotensin I

A

angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE)

29
Q

ACE inhibitors can be used to treat

A

hypertension

30
Q

2 functions of pancreas

A

endocrine and exocrine

31
Q

endocrine cells of pancreas

A

grouped into aggregates known as islets of Langerhans
- regulation of islets is mainly linked to circulating glucose levels, however autonomic innervation can trigger hormone release

32
Q

acinar cells

A

exocrine function

further discussed in digestive system unit

33
Q

regulation of alpha cells: glucagon

A

negative feedback in response to low glucose levels (below 70)
sympathetic innervation stimulates release
triggered by low fatty acid levels - glucose sparing effect
raises blood sugar, not handled by pituitary

34
Q

action of alpha cells: glucagon

A

stimulates glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle

promotes gluconeogenesis in liver and lipolysis in adipose tissue - glucose sparing effect

35
Q

regulation beta cells: insulin - pancreas

A

negative feedback in response to high glucose levels
sympathetic innervation inhibits release
triggered by high fatty acid levels, as well as gastrin, CCK, digestive hormone secretions

36
Q

what is the only hormone that lowers serum glucose

A

insulin

37
Q

insulin released in 2 phases

A
  1. initial burst of insulin - had meal, sugar level rises and insulin released starts to rise in 8-10min not going to peak until 30-45 min, should come down in an hour and a half to 2 hours - if does job this is it
  2. if eating constantly at a party and the 2 hr mark did not work
    - gives you steady release of insulin
38
Q

how is insulin released?

A

beta cells have transport vesicles of insulin waiting to be released
as glucose goes up they transport glucose in and it goes into glycolysis and get ATP which sets cascade to open Ca channels which causes exocytosis of insulin

39
Q

action of beta cells: insulin - pancreas

A

inc glucose transporter activity - liver
promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen
stimulates glycolysis
inc protein synthesis
inc fatty acid uptake and triacylglycerol production in adipose

40
Q

somatostatin

regulation and action

A

pancreas
regulation: not yet clarified
action: identical to GHIH produced in hypothalamus
- can inhibit both alpha and beta cells although exact function unclear
may slow food absorption

41
Q

PP Cells - Pancreatic Polypeptide

regulation and action

A

regulation: released in response to ingestion, especially protein rich meals
action: satiation, dec appetite, plays role in moderating food intake

42
Q

produced in stomach, stimulates GH and hunger

A

ghrelin

43
Q

produced in stomach in response to food intake

stimulates acid production, mucous lining, and pancreas acini

A

gastrin

44
Q

secreted by small intestine during fasting to maintain basic motility

A

motilin

45
Q

secreted by duodenum in response to filling

stimulates pancreatic acinar and gallbladder secretions into duodenum

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

46
Q

produced by the duodenum in response to acid

stimulates release of water and bicarbonate from pancreas and gallbladder

A

secretin

47
Q

released from small intestine in response to high fat and sugar content in food
slows motility and stimulates insulin release

A

gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

48
Q

estrogen regulation

A

negative feedback in response to FSH and LH

cyclical

49
Q

estrogen action

A

promotes follicle maturation, stimulates Ca Storage!!!, bone formation!!, angiogenesis
regulates development of secondary sex characteristics

50
Q

where is estrogen produced

A

in ovarian follicles

51
Q

angiogenesis

A

blood vessel formation

- lining of uterus, increases vascular portion of the lining

52
Q

leptin in females vs males

A

females: leptin monitors nutrition state and fat %
males: monitors nutrition state

53
Q

inhibin

regulation and action

A

regulation: stimulated by FSH
action: negative feedback with FSH, inhibits FSH and additional follicle development

54
Q

progestin (progesterone)

regulation and action

A

regulation: negative feedback, release stimulated by LH
action: stimulates development of uterine endometrial lining, works with prolactin to stimulate mammary glands and lactation

55
Q

what is progestin secreted by

A

corpus luteum

56
Q

testosterone (androgen)

regulation and action

A

regulation: negative feedback - release stimulated by LH
action: promotes sperm maturation, stimulates Ca absorption, muscle and bone growth, regulates development of secondary sex characteristics

57
Q

sertoli cells - inhibin

regulation and action

A

regulation: negative feedback, release in response to FSH

action: inhibits release of FSH
- aids in moderating sperm production

58
Q

some stimulatory to TSH
stimulates maternal thyroid
maintains corpus luteum

A

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

59
Q

similar to GH
promotes general growth
stimulates glucose metabolism
stimulates mammary duct proliferation

A

hCS - human chorionic somatomammotropin

60
Q

promotes growth

A

IGF

61
Q

acts on placenta

stimulates and maintains cells

A

EGF - endothelial growth factor

62
Q

relaxes cervix and pelvic ligaments

A

relaxin

63
Q

shifts maternal nutrient storage to meet needs of fetus

aids in transporting nutrients across placenta

A

leptin

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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