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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 4: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system (5)

A 
air conduction
gas exchange
sound production
acid-base balance 
endocrine function
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2
Q

what is the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory system

A

larynx

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3
Q

what does the upper respiratory system consist of (4)

A

nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx (nasal, oral, laryngeal)
oral cavity during forced breathing

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4
Q

primary functions of upper respiratory system

A

warm and moisten air, mucous membranes - cold air dries out mucous membranes, damaging

trap and filter particles - hairs in nose and mucous

protect from pathogens -fungi, bacteria, viruses

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5
Q

additional functions of upper respiratory system (2)

A

olfaction

resonance (gives voice substance, tone)

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6
Q

opening to the nasal cavity

A

external nares (nostrils)

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7
Q

name of the space in the nasal cavity and what are its 3 components

A

vestibule

  • vibrissae: small stiff hairs that trap and filter large particles
  • sebaceous glands
  • anteriorly encased by cartilage - no cartilage around the back of the nose
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8
Q

nasal conchae of nasal cavity

A
  • lined with PSCC (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) that secretes mucous
  • turbinates
  • olfactory receptors

superior, middle, and inferior but superior is the only one wih olfactory receptors

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9
Q

sinuses

A

cavities in bone of skull

  • reduce weight of head
  • aid in moistening air
  • add resonance for phonation
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10
Q

what happens to resonance when you get a sinus infection?

A

you get inflammation which will impact how the air moves, can be painful - the pressure can alter your tone of voice - air space used for sound - resonance

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11
Q

pharynx

A

passageway
has MALT structures (tonsils)
nasopharynx

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12
Q

nasopharynx

A

contains opening to Eustachian tube for equalizing pressure in the middle ear

-since connected to upper respiratory - any infection can spread to cause ear infection

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13
Q

components of lower respiratory system (6)

A 
larynx
trachea
bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary)
lungs
bronchioles
alveoli
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14
Q

primary bronchi

A

right and left

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15
Q

secondary bronchi

A

goes to each lobe
3 lobes on right
2 lobes on left

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16
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

to the segments in each lobe

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17
Q

primary functions of lower respiratory system and then the additional functions

A

primary: gas exchange, sound production
additional: acid-base balance, hormone activation

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18
Q

functions of the larynx

A

phonation-sound production

entrance for air into the lower respiratory structures (protected by epiglottis)

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19
Q

structure of larynx

A

ligaments connect the larynx to the hyoid bone

muscles raise the larynx when you swallow - raising it action is with cartilages

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20
Q

glottis

A

opening to lower respiratory tract

do not want food down here so we have epiglottis to cover the glottis

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21
Q

development of larynx as we age

A

as we develop around 6 months the larynx descends deeper into the throat

we cannot eat and breathe at same time

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22
Q

cartilages the same in human and cats (3)

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytanoid cartilage

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23
Q

cartilage that makes up most of the larynx and has a aryngeal prominence in the front which is more common in men than in women

A

thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

cartilage at the base of the larynx

internal cartilages are supported by this

A

cricoid cartilage

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25
Q

arytanoid cartilage

A

attaches to vocal folds to give tension
give you basic sound from vocal chords
it is on the cricoid cartilage and reaches up into the thyroid cartilage to connect to the vocal folds

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26
Q

cartilages different in humans than cats

A

corniculate cartilage

cuneiform cartilage

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27
Q

corniculate cartilage

A

elastic cartilage sits on arytanoids and extends them, gives greater range of motion

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28
Q

cuneiform cartilage

A

goes up and does not produce sound but helps supports vocal folds, strength added

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29
Q

what are the true vocal cords and their composition

A

vocal folds
consist of mucosal layer covering vocalis muscle

alternating tension in vocal cords and the degree of glottis opening results in changes in pitch

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30
Q

what are the false vocal cords

A

ventricular folds

do not contain muscle but aid in creating resonance - do not create the sound

31
Q

trachea

A 
short flexible tube
held open by cartilaginous rings that do not close all the way, C shaped 
trachealis muscle
mucosal escalator of PSCC
bifurcates at carina
32
Q

trachealis muscle

A

constricts to allow air to be expelled forcefully

- if something “goes down the wrong pipe” and you cough

33
Q

trachea splits in 2 at the carina, describe the 2 splits

A

on the right bronchi: whiter, straighter
on left bronchi: angled more, narrow - bc it has to go around heart

so if inhale something it is most likely to go to the right lung as opposed to the left lung

34
Q

structure of bronchi

A

3 divisions
has MALT/BALT
PSCC gradually transitions to ciliated cuboidal - no cartilage in bronchioles

muscularis layer

35
Q

muscularis layer

A

located between mucosa and submucosa
allows for regulation of diameter

bronchodilation - sympathetic
bronchoconstriction-parasympathetic

36
Q

bronchioles structure

A

all have smooth muscle

ciliated cuboidal changes to non-ciliated, rounded Clara cells

37
Q

clara cell protein

A

secreted to prevent walls of bronchioles from collapsing (sticking together) during expiration

38
Q

atelectasis

A

closes off an area of the lungs - cannot get oxygen into it

lungs collapsing since not as much cartilage

39
Q

alveoli roles

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • each alveolus is surrounded by capillary network
  • terminal alveolar sac is surrounded by layer or clusters of alveoli
  • alveolar pores: allow movement of air between alveoli
40
Q

type I pneumocytes

A

majority of alveolus wall, squamous epithelium
carry out gas exchange
unable to undergo mitosis

41
Q

type II pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension

progenitors to type I

42
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

defensive cells

primarily phagocytic

43
Q

how to keep alveolar macrophages under control

A

liver produces alpha antitrypsin which works against the secretion of the macrophages to keep them in balance

44
Q

purpose of surfactant

A

lipoprotein, secretion that decreases surface tension

-alveoli are aqueous and water has lots of surface tension so surfactant helps to dec the surface tension

45
Q

what would happen if you didn’t have surfactant like in premature babies?

A
  • you would get surface tension and inhaling would be difficult
  • ex: trying to blow up a little balloon by mouth is very hard bc it sticks together, once you start to expand it is easier bc you have passed the max surface tension level

premature babies: trying to inhale is forceful an exhausting, can physically apply surfactant or use baby monitors

46
Q

alveoli and smoking

A

alveoli irritated, they over secrete and if not in check they break down their own elastic tissue so alveoli will expand but never recoil and now you have dead air space that cannot do gas exchange
- emphysema

47
Q

compliance

high vs low

A

compliance: ability of lungs to expand
high compliance: expansion with ease
low compliance: resistance to expansion

48
Q

what inc/dec compliance

A

inc compliance: elastic fibers as well as recoil
-surfactant reduces surface tension and therefore inc compliance

dec compliance: surface tension

49
Q

Bohr Effect

A

inc CO2 causes shift to the right due to inc acidity
CO2 produced in muscle cells- lots of respiration so as Hb circulates to this area you want a dec in O2 affinity to let it go into tissues

50
Q

under what conditions do you want O2 to be released

A

high CO2 or low pH

51
Q

Haldane Effect

A

oxygenation of blood dec the CO2 carrying capacity of Hb

deoxygenation inc CO2 carrying capacity due to Hb binding H+

52
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P is inversely proportional to volume

so higher volume, lower P lower volume, higher P

53
Q

inspiration

A

inc thoracic volume so dec P
you contract the diaphragm and pull it down
now the P outside the body is greater than in the lungs so air cn flow into the body

54
Q

expiration

A

dec thoracic volume, inc P

diaphragm relaxes back to normal and now the P inside body is greater than the P outside body so you exhale

55
Q

intrapleural P

A

P of space between the cavity wall and the external surface of the lung
remains lower in both inspiration and expiration

56
Q

serous fluid

A

in intrapleural space aids in attachment of lungs to the rib cage
only need a small amount
surface tension of the serous fluid holds the lung tissue to the wall

57
Q

inspiratory mechanics (2 each primary and accessory)

A

primary:
- external intercostals: more superficial between ribs, originate at lower edge of rib and insert on superior edge of rib beneath it to help open the rib cage
- diaphragm

accessory:
- sternocleidomastoids and scalenes
- turn head, they lift up on sternum, clavicle to open ribs

58
Q

expiratory mechanics (1 primary, 2 accessory)

A

primary:
- passive - let diaphragm relax

accessory:

  • internal intercostals: deeper, originate on superior surface of lower rib, insert on upper rib so when they contract they pull the ribs in and dec volume
  • abdominal muscles - contract to push out more air
59
Q

what does spirometry measure

A

ventilation NOT perfusion!!!

60
Q

ventilation vs perfusion

A

ventilation: mechanical breathing
perfusion: gas exchange

61
Q

measurements to determine with spirometry

A

-lung volumes and capacities
how much the lungs can exchange, hold, how fast you can move things in and out
-airflow rate
-changes over time

62
Q

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

A

tidal volume

63
Q

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

64
Q

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

65
Q

amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation

A

residual volume (RV)

66
Q

maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

A

total lung capacity

67
Q

maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort

A

vital capacity (VC)

68
Q

maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a norml expiration

A

inspiratory capacity

69
Q

volume of air remaining in lungs after normal tidal volume expiration

A

functional residual capacity

70
Q

how is hypercapnia going to effect the respiration rate

A

hypercapnia = inc CO2
so you wil have a dec in pH - acidosis situation

you will inc respiration rate

71
Q

how does hypocapnia effect respiration rate

A

hypocapnia: dec CO2
so high pH
you will dec respiration rate

72
Q

how does hypoxia effect respiration rate

A

hypoxia = not enough oxygen

you will inc the respiration rate to get more oxygen

73
Q

parasympathetic and sympathetic effects on respiration rate

A

parasympathetic: dec respiration rate
sympathetic: inc respiration rate

74
Q

dec/inc in blood volume/P effects on respiration rate

A

dec in blood volume/P: inc respiration rate

inc blood volume/P: dec respiration rate

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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