Exam 4: Respiratory System Flashcards
functions of the respiratory system (5)
air conduction gas exchange sound production acid-base balance endocrine function
what is the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory system
larynx
what does the upper respiratory system consist of (4)
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx (nasal, oral, laryngeal)
oral cavity during forced breathing
primary functions of upper respiratory system
warm and moisten air, mucous membranes - cold air dries out mucous membranes, damaging
trap and filter particles - hairs in nose and mucous
protect from pathogens -fungi, bacteria, viruses
additional functions of upper respiratory system (2)
olfaction
resonance (gives voice substance, tone)
opening to the nasal cavity
external nares (nostrils)
name of the space in the nasal cavity and what are its 3 components
vestibule
- vibrissae: small stiff hairs that trap and filter large particles
- sebaceous glands
- anteriorly encased by cartilage - no cartilage around the back of the nose
nasal conchae of nasal cavity
- lined with PSCC (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) that secretes mucous
- turbinates
- olfactory receptors
superior, middle, and inferior but superior is the only one wih olfactory receptors
sinuses
cavities in bone of skull
- reduce weight of head
- aid in moistening air
- add resonance for phonation
what happens to resonance when you get a sinus infection?
you get inflammation which will impact how the air moves, can be painful - the pressure can alter your tone of voice - air space used for sound - resonance
pharynx
passageway
has MALT structures (tonsils)
nasopharynx
nasopharynx
contains opening to Eustachian tube for equalizing pressure in the middle ear
-since connected to upper respiratory - any infection can spread to cause ear infection
components of lower respiratory system (6)
larynx trachea bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary) lungs bronchioles alveoli
primary bronchi
right and left
secondary bronchi
goes to each lobe
3 lobes on right
2 lobes on left
tertiary bronchi
to the segments in each lobe
primary functions of lower respiratory system and then the additional functions
primary: gas exchange, sound production
additional: acid-base balance, hormone activation
functions of the larynx
phonation-sound production
entrance for air into the lower respiratory structures (protected by epiglottis)
structure of larynx
ligaments connect the larynx to the hyoid bone
muscles raise the larynx when you swallow - raising it action is with cartilages
glottis
opening to lower respiratory tract
do not want food down here so we have epiglottis to cover the glottis
development of larynx as we age
as we develop around 6 months the larynx descends deeper into the throat
we cannot eat and breathe at same time
cartilages the same in human and cats (3)
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytanoid cartilage
cartilage that makes up most of the larynx and has a aryngeal prominence in the front which is more common in men than in women
thyroid cartilage
cartilage at the base of the larynx
internal cartilages are supported by this
cricoid cartilage
arytanoid cartilage
attaches to vocal folds to give tension
give you basic sound from vocal chords
it is on the cricoid cartilage and reaches up into the thyroid cartilage to connect to the vocal folds
cartilages different in humans than cats
corniculate cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
corniculate cartilage
elastic cartilage sits on arytanoids and extends them, gives greater range of motion
cuneiform cartilage
goes up and does not produce sound but helps supports vocal folds, strength added
what are the true vocal cords and their composition
vocal folds
consist of mucosal layer covering vocalis muscle
alternating tension in vocal cords and the degree of glottis opening results in changes in pitch
what are the false vocal cords
ventricular folds
do not contain muscle but aid in creating resonance - do not create the sound
trachea
short flexible tube held open by cartilaginous rings that do not close all the way, C shaped trachealis muscle mucosal escalator of PSCC bifurcates at carina
trachealis muscle
constricts to allow air to be expelled forcefully
- if something “goes down the wrong pipe” and you cough
trachea splits in 2 at the carina, describe the 2 splits
on the right bronchi: whiter, straighter
on left bronchi: angled more, narrow - bc it has to go around heart
so if inhale something it is most likely to go to the right lung as opposed to the left lung
structure of bronchi
3 divisions
has MALT/BALT
PSCC gradually transitions to ciliated cuboidal - no cartilage in bronchioles
muscularis layer
muscularis layer
located between mucosa and submucosa
allows for regulation of diameter
bronchodilation - sympathetic
bronchoconstriction-parasympathetic
bronchioles structure
all have smooth muscle
ciliated cuboidal changes to non-ciliated, rounded Clara cells
clara cell protein
secreted to prevent walls of bronchioles from collapsing (sticking together) during expiration
atelectasis
closes off an area of the lungs - cannot get oxygen into it
lungs collapsing since not as much cartilage
alveoli roles
- site of gas exchange
- each alveolus is surrounded by capillary network
- terminal alveolar sac is surrounded by layer or clusters of alveoli
- alveolar pores: allow movement of air between alveoli
type I pneumocytes
majority of alveolus wall, squamous epithelium
carry out gas exchange
unable to undergo mitosis
type II pneumocytes
secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension
progenitors to type I
alveolar macrophages
defensive cells
primarily phagocytic
how to keep alveolar macrophages under control
liver produces alpha antitrypsin which works against the secretion of the macrophages to keep them in balance
purpose of surfactant
lipoprotein, secretion that decreases surface tension
-alveoli are aqueous and water has lots of surface tension so surfactant helps to dec the surface tension
what would happen if you didn’t have surfactant like in premature babies?
- you would get surface tension and inhaling would be difficult
- ex: trying to blow up a little balloon by mouth is very hard bc it sticks together, once you start to expand it is easier bc you have passed the max surface tension level
premature babies: trying to inhale is forceful an exhausting, can physically apply surfactant or use baby monitors
alveoli and smoking
alveoli irritated, they over secrete and if not in check they break down their own elastic tissue so alveoli will expand but never recoil and now you have dead air space that cannot do gas exchange
- emphysema
compliance
high vs low
compliance: ability of lungs to expand
high compliance: expansion with ease
low compliance: resistance to expansion
what inc/dec compliance
inc compliance: elastic fibers as well as recoil
-surfactant reduces surface tension and therefore inc compliance
dec compliance: surface tension
Bohr Effect
inc CO2 causes shift to the right due to inc acidity
CO2 produced in muscle cells- lots of respiration so as Hb circulates to this area you want a dec in O2 affinity to let it go into tissues
under what conditions do you want O2 to be released
high CO2 or low pH
Haldane Effect
oxygenation of blood dec the CO2 carrying capacity of Hb
deoxygenation inc CO2 carrying capacity due to Hb binding H+
Boyle’s Law
P is inversely proportional to volume
so higher volume, lower P lower volume, higher P
inspiration
inc thoracic volume so dec P
you contract the diaphragm and pull it down
now the P outside the body is greater than in the lungs so air cn flow into the body
expiration
dec thoracic volume, inc P
diaphragm relaxes back to normal and now the P inside body is greater than the P outside body so you exhale
intrapleural P
P of space between the cavity wall and the external surface of the lung
remains lower in both inspiration and expiration
serous fluid
in intrapleural space aids in attachment of lungs to the rib cage
only need a small amount
surface tension of the serous fluid holds the lung tissue to the wall
inspiratory mechanics (2 each primary and accessory)
primary:
- external intercostals: more superficial between ribs, originate at lower edge of rib and insert on superior edge of rib beneath it to help open the rib cage
- diaphragm
accessory:
- sternocleidomastoids and scalenes
- turn head, they lift up on sternum, clavicle to open ribs
expiratory mechanics (1 primary, 2 accessory)
primary:
- passive - let diaphragm relax
accessory:
- internal intercostals: deeper, originate on superior surface of lower rib, insert on upper rib so when they contract they pull the ribs in and dec volume
- abdominal muscles - contract to push out more air
what does spirometry measure
ventilation NOT perfusion!!!
ventilation vs perfusion
ventilation: mechanical breathing
perfusion: gas exchange
measurements to determine with spirometry
-lung volumes and capacities
how much the lungs can exchange, hold, how fast you can move things in and out
-airflow rate
-changes over time
amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
tidal volume
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation
residual volume (RV)
maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
total lung capacity
maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
vital capacity (VC)
maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a norml expiration
inspiratory capacity
volume of air remaining in lungs after normal tidal volume expiration
functional residual capacity
how is hypercapnia going to effect the respiration rate
hypercapnia = inc CO2
so you wil have a dec in pH - acidosis situation
you will inc respiration rate
how does hypocapnia effect respiration rate
hypocapnia: dec CO2
so high pH
you will dec respiration rate
how does hypoxia effect respiration rate
hypoxia = not enough oxygen
you will inc the respiration rate to get more oxygen
parasympathetic and sympathetic effects on respiration rate
parasympathetic: dec respiration rate
sympathetic: inc respiration rate
dec/inc in blood volume/P effects on respiration rate
dec in blood volume/P: inc respiration rate
inc blood volume/P: dec respiration rate
