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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 2: Senses > Flashcards

Exam 2: Senses Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors are specialized cells that…

A
  • monitor external and internal conditions
  • cover a specific area (sensory field)
  • detect stimuli or changes
  • send information to the CNS
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2
Q

all receptors function in _____ but no all are involved in _____

A

sensation

perception

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3
Q

perception

A

the conscious awareness of the sensation

ex: dorsal column tract

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4
Q

2 classifications of sensory receptors

A

general sense or special senses

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5
Q

general senses

A

-found in many places throughout the body
-simple in structure
T sensation, pressure, stretch receptor

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6
Q

special senses

A
  • localized in one area

- complex in structure (eye - so many layers)

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7
Q

4 types of general sense receptors

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • chemoreceptors
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8
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to pressure, vibration, physical distortion

  • monitors a cell or tissue fiber looks to see if compressed or stressed
  • tactile receptor with CT around it, if pressure it gets compressed and sends signals

-hearing is special sense but uses mechanoreceptors - tympanic membrane and when hair cells distorted

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9
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in T

-heat exchange - not giving the actual T but if it gets colder or hotter

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10
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to tissue damage as a pain sensation

  • when cells destructed - tearing, chemical burn
  • some fast, some slow
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11
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to dissolved chemicals

-taste, smell, pH

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12
Q

adaptive ability of receptors : fast adaptors

A

phasic
respond to change
only triggers when there is a change

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13
Q

adaptive ability of receptors: slow adaptors

A

tonic

send continual info to CNS

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14
Q

example of adaptive ability when putting a shirt on

A

phasic is stronger when putting shirt on and then tonic after it has been on you may not recognize you are wearing a shirt

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15
Q

3 types of mechanoreceptors

A

baroreceptors
proprioceptors
tactile receptors

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16
Q

baroreceptors

A

free nerve endings
found embedded in walls of distensible organs: digestive system, lungs, colon, bladder
- monitor changes in elastic tissue

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17
Q

baroreceptors - nerve endings - blood vessels

A

carotid and aortic sinus

  • both chemo and baroreceptors
  • monitors blood pressure
  • vagus nerve will send this signal, some glossopharyngeal to see if P needs to inc or dec
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18
Q

baroreceptors - digestive system

A

locally - stretch receptors
when stomach emoties into SI it sends signals to get secretions from oancrease and gallbladder, does not happen without stretch receptor signaling

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19
Q

baroreceptors - lungs

A

need to have feedback to know it is working

stretch responders only respond when stretched- when you inhale you could see how long the signal is

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20
Q

baroreceptors and age - rigidity in walls of blood vessels - isolated systolic hypertension

A

high BP pushing blood into same vessel but it is resistant to expanding now
reduces recoil ability-diastolic P may dec
- not enough blood, fainting, fall risk

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21
Q

proprioceptors

A

-nerve endings wrapped around muscle or collagen fibers and then encapsulated by connective tissue (spindles and tendon organs)

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22
Q

tendon organs

A

tendons do not stretch, they have tension on them
gives idea both unconscious and conscious of what tension is on ligaments and tendons
what the muscle tone and tension is
-respond to patellar reflex

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23
Q

joint receptors

A

branched nerve endings encapsulated by connective tissue and embedded in joint capsule

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24
Q

where are proprioceptors located

A

embedded in muscle, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules

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25
Q

tactile receptors and what are the 2 types

A

touch receptors
in the integument - skin
encapsulated by connective tissue
- superficial and deep

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26
Q

superficial tactile receptors

A

boundary of epidermis and dermis

merkels discs and meissners

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27
Q

merkels discs

A

tonic
fine touch and pressure
interact with special epithelial cell
if lean on table, the entire time your arms are there there is P compressing the discs and you constantly get signals sent - constantly aware you are leaning on it

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28
Q

Meissner Corpuscles

A

highly phasic
fine touch and pressure
only these will respond when you put a piece of paper on your arm - feel at first butu then it goes away
different sensitivity

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29
Q

deep tactile receptors

A

more into dermis near subcutaneous

ruffini, pacinian corpuscles, krause

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30
Q

ruffini deep tactile receptors

A

tonic
deep pressure
ct wrapped around so if compressed it keeps sending signals like Merkel’s discs, BUT instead of a separate cell, one wraps around it

thermoreception***

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31
Q

Pacinian corpuscles - deep tactile receptor

A

phasic
deep pressure
- like an onion ring - nerve fibers stuck inside
- as P is put on the ring it slides down from the P - once you stop sliding the rings, the signals stop being sent
connective tissue concentric rings

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32
Q

Krause end bulbs - deep tactile receptor

A

tonic
deep pressure
specific regions: conjunctiva, oral mucosa, genitalia, epineurium

thermoreception**

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33
Q

thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings
located in dermis, skeletal muscle, AND hypothalamus, AND liver (largest organ in core)
phasic
“cold” receptors: 10-35C (50-95F)
“warm” receptors: 30-43C (85-110F)
- utside this range is detected by nociceptors and encapsulated deep receptors

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34
Q

fast pain

A

myelinated type A fibers
large diameter-like big highway
sharp, acute pain
mechanical or thermal

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35
Q

slow pain

A

unmyelinated type C fibers
mechanical, thermal, metabolic-visceral pain
dull, long lasting pain
interacts with cells for inflammation

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36
Q

what do chemoreceptors respond to

A

either water soluble (mostly) or lipid soluble chemicals

carotid and aortic bodies

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37
Q

carotid and aortic bodies

A

chemoreceptors
monitor pH, CO2 and O2 in blood
(more critical to monitor CO2 than O2)

carotid body - CN 9 glossopharyngeal
aortic body - CN 10 vague

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38
Q

olfaction

A

smell

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39
Q

where are olfactory cells located and what type of receptor are they?

A

located in superior region of nasal cavity

chemoreceptors

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40
Q

odorant to receptor identification

A

one receptor will respond to one stimulus but one odorant can stimulate many receptors

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41
Q

how do you interpret a smell

A

a combination of the receptor stimulation

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42
Q

olfactory receptors send information to glomeruli which…

A

compile the stimuli pattern and send the info to the mitral celsl

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43
Q

mitral cells

A

get info from glomeruli and increase the intensity of the stimulus and direct the impulse to the temporal lobe for identification and response

44
Q

ACE2 receptor

A

smell
angiotensin converting enzyme
when alter and keep in more water and salt you activate this enzyme

in sustenacular membrane - does not destroy olfactry receptors but when the supporting cells are damages it then effects the olfactory cells

45
Q

gustation

A

taste
series of receptors with supporting cells
chemoreceptors
tastants dissolved in saliva

46
Q

pits of taste buds

A

where the saliva is carrying tastants to the pore where we have receptors and support cells

47
Q

circumvallate
folate
fungiform

A

circumvalllate: back of tongue
folate: side of tongue
fungiform: on surface of tongue

48
Q

where are gustatory receptors located

A

tongue, pharynx, larynx

49
Q

sweet

A

sugar - glucose, fructose, sucrose
fructose gives strongest response
artificial sweeteners have one epitope that will make you think it is sugar

50
Q

sour

A

responds to acidity (hydrogen ion concentration)

vinagrettes, sour patch kids

51
Q

salty

A

responds to Na+ and K+
some people need a salt substitute and cannot have NaCl so they give KCl (nothing artificial about the salt substitute)
potassium does not make you retain water

52
Q

bitter

A

responds to alkaloids (quinine)
most diverse category!
some people more sensitive than others - cilantro

53
Q

umami

A

responds to amino acids

protein

54
Q

are taste buds localized to specific regions

A

no

55
Q

when do taste buds turnover

A

constantly - approx 7 days to fully express it again if burn roof of mouth

56
Q

flavor

A

combination of taste and smell

57
Q

bitter receptors in bronchi

A

do not detect taste

they stimulate bronchodilation response to clear respiratory tract

58
Q

what does the pharynx have receptors for

A

water

yes water has taste

59
Q

if a person had an upper respiratory infection that blocked nasal passages, what about their taste?

A

blocked nasal passages so not getting to recepotrs

will have basic taste but will not enjoy flavors

60
Q

a phenylthiourea taster vs a non taster for common flavors like saccharin and caffeine

A

less thrilled about drinking coffee - bitter

61
Q

trigeminal nerve involved in taste and T sensation. Explain variations in liking spicy food - not necessarily to taste buds

A

if grew up eating spicy foods all the tme - tolerance

makes you sweat

62
Q

patients blood pressure medication leads to dry mouth - taste?

A

lacking saliva needed for enzymes to keep healthy mouth

will not taste good

63
Q

functions of outer ear (3)

A
  • collects sound waves
  • directs sound to tympanic membrane
  • converts compressed air pressure to vibration
64
Q

middle ear functions (3)

A
  • mechanical vibrations transmitted to ossicles
  • mitigation of loud noises
  • eustachian tube equalizes pressure on tympanic membrane
65
Q

inner ear functions (3)

A
  • receptors for hearing and equilibrium in cochlea
  • fluid vibrations stimulate specific hearing receptors in cochlea
  • fluid movement in semicircular canals and vestibular trigger responses in equilibrium receptors
66
Q

malleus (hammer)

A

attaches to tympanic membrane

67
Q

incus (anvil)

A

intermediate ossicle

68
Q

stapes (stirrup)

A

communicates with inner ear

69
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • beginning of it is composed of bone
  • lower part is cartilage
  • bony part remains open but artilage closed - open when swalloing,yawing, chewing
  • mucosa of tube is ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells
70
Q

divisions of inner ear

A

semicircular canals
vestibule
cochlea

71
Q

semicircular canals

A

anterior, posterior, lateral

houses angular motion receptors

72
Q

vestibule

A

utricle and saccule

houses linear movement and acceleration receptors

73
Q

cochlea

A

snail shell

houses hearing receptors

74
Q

oval window

A

allows communication with the stapes

transmitting vibrations to internal fluid

75
Q

round window

A

relieves pressure as the fluid is non-compressible

76
Q

what is the bony labyrinth filled with

A

perilymph

77
Q

perilymph

A
  • produced by vasculature of periosteum - consistency of CSF or ECF without proteins
  • it surrounds the inner membranous labyrinth
78
Q

what does the membranous labyrinth contain?

A

endolymph

produced by vasculature in cochlea and drained through endolymph sac into venous sinus system

79
Q

what ion has high levels in endolymph

A

K+ - consistency closer to intracellular fluid without proteins

80
Q

where is the organ of corti

A

central cochlear duct and it contains endolymph

81
Q

the scala tympani and scala vestibuli contain what?

A

perilymph

82
Q

does the tectorial membrane bounce?

A

no

83
Q

damage to inner hair cells

A

lose ability to hear the certain frequency

84
Q

damage to outer hair cells

A

can still distinguish frequency but lose amplification ability

85
Q

stapes vibrations travel through _____ distorting the cochlear duct

A

scala vestibule

86
Q

distortion of the cochlear duct sets up vibrations in the _____

A

basilar membrane

87
Q

basilar membrane

A

thick membrane that supports organ of corti

movement stimulates hearing receptors

88
Q

vibrations of the endolymph distortion are transmitted to the ____ causing distortion of the ______

A

scala tympani

round window

89
Q

what is the rigid, collagen rich membrane located immediately above the hair cells

A

tectorial membrane

90
Q

stereocilia

A
  • in a single row of IHC they are short

- trigger the nerve when distorted in bouncing against the tectorial membrane

91
Q

OHC and stereocilia

A

longer, curved stereocilia
longest cilia embedded in tectorial membrane
when stimulated OHC contract pulling the organ of corti closer amplifying effect on the IHC

92
Q

damage to IHC results in

A

sensorineural deafness

- lose ability to hear at a specific frequency

93
Q

damge to OHC results in

A

inability to discriminate sounds

94
Q

nerve deafness of a patient with a cochlear implant, what is damaged

A

hair cells

95
Q

crista ampullaris

A

receptors at base of semicircular canals
- covered in endolymph - how the endolymph moves and distorts the cupulla
one big kinocillium - bends towards it it depolarizes, bends away - hyperpolarization
angular motion

96
Q

equilibrium is associated with what system

A

vestibular system - works on eye movements unconscious ocular saccades - nystagmus present

97
Q

how does alcohol effect endolymph

A

chanegs the consistency - they can no longer unconsciously control balance so you see then consciously trying to balance when unconscious is shot

98
Q

2 regions in the vestibule with macula

A

utricle and saccule

99
Q

otoconia

A

calcium bicarbonate crystals embedded in gelatinous layer with hair cells
- has cilia kinocilium and stereocilium

as you move you put drag on these crystals which distorts the cilia - people may get vertigo

100
Q

both the utricle and saccule have midlines known as

A

striola

101
Q

kinocilium in utricle

A

point towards the striola

102
Q

kinocilium in saccule point

A

away from striola

103
Q

utricle is what you depend on when you are in what position

A

upright

104
Q

saccule is what you depend on when you are in which position

A

laying down

105
Q

functions of vestibular system

A
  • monitors position of body
  • sends info on body orientation and movement to areas of brain like cerebellum and cerebrum
  • allows for compensation, adjustment, planning of motor movements
106
Q

cristae ampullaris functions

A
  • works in pairs
  • each receptor has its own kinocilium
  • bending of hairs towards kinocilium - depolarization, away-hyperpolarization
  • angular movement causes depolarization of one pair and hyperpolarization of others

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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