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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 1: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 1: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
visceral subdivision
integrated with endocrine system
gets input from hypothalamus and cerebellum

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2
Q

divisions of ANS

A

sympathetic: response to stressors
parasympathetic: controls homeostatic responses at rest

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3
Q

things involved in parasympathetic division

A
  • constricted pupils
  • stimulate saliva
  • constrict bronchi-brings to relaxed state
  • dec HR
  • GI tract - relaxed to digest food
  • stimulates urination
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4
Q

things involved in sympathetic division

A
  • dilate pupils - more alert, focused
  • inhibit saliva production
  • dilate bronchi - more airflow for running and flighting
  • inc HR
  • adrenal gland for epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • glucose release
  • inhibits stomach, intestines, pancreas - some gastric upset
  • inhibits urination - sometimes pee bc of pressure out on bladder if full
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5
Q

Nerves in ANS

A
  • always 2 neurons
    preganglionic neuron comes in myelinated, quick, all using Ach
    postganglionic neuron not myelinated, slower
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6
Q

if postganglionic and parasympathetic - what neurotransmitter
what about sympathetic??

A

parasympathetic: acetylcholine
sympathetic: norepinephrine

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7
Q

what is the sympathetic division known as and why?

A

thoracolumbar

preganglionic cell bodies are located in the lateral horn of T1-L2

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8
Q

3 types of ganglia in thoracolumbar division

A

chain
collateral
suprarenal

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9
Q

paired ganglia that are located near and run parallel to the vertebrae
control body wall, limbs, and viscera ABOVE the diaphragm
NOT innervated by cervical nerves

A

chain ganglia

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10
Q

stellate ganglion

A

most

ones that stay inferior combined with T1

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11
Q

control viscera BELOW diaphragm
preganglionic neurons pass through chain without synapsing
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
travel down from thoracic and go out

A

collateral ganglia

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12
Q

central region of the adrenal gland, midline
modified sympathetic nervous tissue
preganglionic neuron passes through chain without synapsing

A

suprarenal ganglia

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13
Q

celiac collateral ganglia

A

T5-T9 forms greater splanchnic nerve that supplies ganglia

innervates: stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas (not beta cells)
pass through for suprarenal

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14
Q

splanchnic

A

viscera

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15
Q

superior mesenteric collateral ganglia

A

T10-T11 forming lesser splanchnic nerve that supplies ganglia

innervates: small intestine and initial part of large intestine

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16
Q

inferior mesenteric collateral ganglia

A

T12-L2 forms lumbar splanchnic nerve that supplies ganglia

innervates: rest of large intestine, rectum, kidneys
bladder and sex organs (but crossover) - little chain sacral splanchnic
-sacral-sympathetic
pelvic-parasympathetic

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17
Q

what does the preganglionic neuron communicate with

A

sympathetic trunk

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18
Q

what is the parasympathetic division also known as and why?

A

craniosacral

preganglionic cell bodies part of 4 cranial nerves (oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus)

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19
Q

oculomotor

A

cranial nerve 3
- intrinsic eye movements, iris constriction, most extrinsic not superior oblique(trochlear) or lateral rectus (abducens)

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20
Q

facial nerve

A

cranial nerve 7

- salivation

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21
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

cranial nerve9

salivation

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22
Q

vagus nerve

A

branch to sensory function of ear in eardrum
cranial nerve 10
goes to heart, bronchi, digestive system

23
Q

pelvic splanchnic

A

parasympathetic
most urogenital
visceral

24
Q

2 types of ganglia in craniosacral

A

no chain ganglia!!

terminal and intramural

25
Q

terminal vs intramural ganglia

A

terminal: synapse near, but outside of target organ
intramural: synapses IN the target organ - synapses with postganglionic neuron

26
Q

4 types of terminal ganglia

A

ciliary
pterygopalantine
submandibular
otic

27
Q

innervated by fiber tracts from the oculomotor nerve for intrinsic eye movement
these bodies are in the eye neopoint accommodation

A

ciliary terminal ganglia

28
Q

innervated by a branch of the facial nerve for lacrimal and nasal mucosa secretions

A

pterygopalantine terminal ganglia

29
Q

innervated by a branch of the facial nerve for sublingual and submandibular gland secretions
salivation

A

submandibular terminal ganglia

30
Q

innervated by fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve for parotid gland secretions
largest salivary gland

A

otic terminal ganglia

31
Q

the majority of parasympathetic ganglia are _____

A

intramural ganglia

32
Q

where does the vagus nerve provide innervation to

A

organs of thorax and viscera in the abdomen

33
Q

what innervation is carried out by ganglia of the sacral region?

A

lower portion of colon, rectum, urogenital

34
Q

autonomic nerve plexuses are involved in_____

A

dual innervation of an organ with both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - work together

35
Q

what are the 8 autonomic nerve plexuses and which are above the diaphragm?

A

cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal (above diaphragm)

celiac/solar plexus
superior plexus
inferior mesenteric
renal
hypogastric
36
Q

cardiac plexus

A

Parasympathetic fibers: of vagus nerve, dec HR, coronary vessels constrict, relaxed diameter

Sympathetic fibers: from T1-T4 (T5) - inc rate and force , inc diameter of coronary blood vessels - more strength in action potential

37
Q

where is the cardiac plexus?

A
  • 2 interconnected regions : superficial and deep

left side of heart gives superficial, right side is deep between heart and trachea

38
Q

How can the heart get more blood flow not controlled by the plexus?

A
  • if not enough O2 the heart releases adenosine
  • relaxes blood vessels, local arterioles
  • arterioles relax to get more blood flow
    if hypoxic situation the heart puts this out as emergency signal - should work unless you have a blocked artery
39
Q

pulmonary plexus

A

parasympathetic fibers: of vagus: constrict the bronchi

sympathetic fibers: from T1-T4: dilate bronchi
heart rate inc and dilate bronchi (lungs and heart interconnected)

plexus goes laterally around each bronchi - sensory and motor fibers
between cardiac and esophageal plexuses

40
Q

esophageal plexus

A

parasympathetic fibers: of vagus: produce rhythmic peristaltic contractions

sympathetic fibers: T1-T4: constriction of esophageal lower sphincter, inhibition of peristalsis

left vagus anterior, right posterior

41
Q

heart burn vs heart attack

A

acid reflux or esophageal spasms get confused between heartburn and heart attack

    • acid reflux can cause pain up into arms and neck which ppl may think is heart attack and is not or opposite and it is and they do not think it is
  • belching relieves heart burn but not a heart attack
42
Q

celiac plexus

A

parasympathetic: mainly vagus nerve, some splanchnic
- stimulate digestion

sympathetic: celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
- inhibit digestion

largest plexus behind the stomach and in front of abdominal aorta
has branches to all abdominal viscera

43
Q

superior mesenteric plexus

A

parasympathetic: right vagus
- stimulates digestion

sympathetic: superior mesenteric ganglion
- inhibits digestion

continuation of celiac plexus, in front of abdominal aorta at superior mesenteric artery

44
Q

all external forces on digestive system

can accelerate or decelerate nervous system of the digestive system

A

plexus

45
Q

inferior mesenteric plexus

A

parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves
- stimulate defecation

sympathetic: lumbar/sacral splanchnic nerves
- inhibit defecation

46
Q

renal plexus

A

parasympathetic: from celiac ganglion
- dilation of renal artery to kidneys

Sympathetic: from splanchnic nerves (T10-L2)
- constriction of renal artery (raises BP)

47
Q

hypogastric plexus

A

superior and inferior - each side there is an inferior that are linked

parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnics
- urinary branches stimulate urination
- reproductive branches increase blood flow to organs

sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic in origin but come out as sacral
- urinary branches inhibit urination
- reproductive branches stimulate muscle contractions

mainly controlled through hormones

48
Q

visceral reflexes can be ______

A

long or short

49
Q

reflex involving interneurons of the CNS

A

long visceral reflex

50
Q

reflex that bypasses the CNS and synapses in ganglia

- get response back from the ganglia (motor response)

A

short visceral reflex

51
Q

example of a short reflex

A

enteric plexus

  • acts independently to control digestion and includes all nerves from the esophagus to anus
  • can have someone with spinal cord injury but can still breathe and have a functioning digestive system
  • enteric plexus is independent nervous ssytem of digestive system
52
Q

sympathovagal balance

A

when changing position, accommodation has to be made so brain continues to receive sufficient amount of blood
- parasympathetic to sympathetic conversion

53
Q

why do these conditions cause an imbalance and result in fainting?
-dehydration, atherosclerosis, vasovagal syncope

A

dehydration: loss of volume - not be able to constrict enough
atheroclerosis: blood will not be able to get through dur to the plaque

vasovagal syncope: no reason for the big sympathetic response, you just drop - dec HR, dec BP

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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