Exam 4: Female Reproductive System Flashcards
the female reproductive system consists of (5 or 8)
ovaries uterine (fallopian) tubes uterus vagina vulva (mons pubis, labia minora/majora, clitoris)
ovary
where sex cells and hormones are produced
secures ovary to uterine wall
ovarian suspensory ligament
fallopian tubes
capture egg as it ruptures out of follicle, transport it through tube
- if fertilized in continues into uterus
- if not fertilized egg disintegrates in tube, dos not make it to uterus
uterus
embryo implants in lining that supports developing fetus
lining reactive to hormones - thickens
blood connection for embryo and uterus - forms organ - placenta
what is the main reason you see women getting induced into labor
if pregnancy is past the due date by a week - placental organ is shutting down
-cannot let it keep going bc he fetus is getting less and less blood supply
cervix
opening to uterus
vagina
pathway from uterus to external genitalia
extensible
receives semen and is the birth canal
Oogenesis
primary oocytes: all germ cells started here, stalled in prophase I of meiosis I - not develop further until puberty
- when FSH hits the follicles will develop
-Graafian follicle: ovum completed meiosis I mature enough to be released, picked up in fallopian tube
-now ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum
exists for a week and then repeats cycle
if fertilization, hormone signals from fetus and placenta to maintain healthy corpus luteum
follicles
produce and mature oocytes
secrete estrogen and inhibin - prevents many follicles from developing
corpus luteum
secretes estrogen and progesterone
menstrual cycle
estrogen results in the increase in vascular endometrium
progesterone inc mucus secretions in endometrium and prepares implantation of an embryo
what happens in the absence of hCG
corpus luteum begins to degenerate 10-12 days after ovulation
in what stage is the primary oocyte arrested in for 12-50 yr
diplotene stage of meiosis
when happens to the oocyte when menstruation occurs
oocyte completes meiosis I and forms secondary oocyte and polar body
secondary oocyte gets arrested in metaphase II and released from ovary
2 layers surrounding the oocyte
corona radiata
zona pellucida
corona radiata
layer surrounding oocyte
single layer of cells from the follicle that remain with secondary oocyte
layer must be penetrated by sperm - special enzymes for fertilization to occur
zona pellucida
layer surrounding oocyte
contains receptors for sperm
interacts with oocyte membrane to prevent polyspermy (more than one sperm)
4 regions of the fallopian tubes
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
intramural
infundibulum
contains fringed extensions, fimbriae
-rub the ovum and increase to rupture the follicle
ampulla
longest segment from bend to median portion of tube
-site of fertilization
isthmus
narrow segment adjacent to uterus
intramural
opening
embedded in uterine wall
function of ciliated cells
move oocyte toward uterus
function of non-ciliated cells
secrete nutritive fluid
connects the uterus and vagina to body wall
broad ligament
comes out and goes anterior, attaches to mons pubis and labia majora
round ligament
layers of the uterus
perimetrium: outer serous layer of CT
myometrium: smooth muscle layer, continuous with but thinner in the vagina
endometrium: mucosal layer, made of 2 sublayers: stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
stratum functionalis of the endometrium of the uterus
thicker portion, sloughed off during menstruation
grows and expands due to hormones, inc vascularization
progesterone inc mucus lining
once corpus luteum is broken down what can you no longer maintain??
stratum functionalis of the endometrium of the uterus
- gets sloughed off
stratum basalis
source of regeneration for functionalis
there ALL the time
fundus
rounded area above the fallopian tube entrance
body of uterus
main region of uterus
cervix
lower 1/3 of uterus
superior portion: secretes mucus
inferior portion: has squamous cells
vagina
fibromuscular tube that joins the cervix to the external environment
has rugae for expansion
mucosa layer: non keratinized stratified squamous - NO glandular tissue - but need lubrication for sex
where does the vagina get lubrication from
cervical glands
-vestibular glands at external opening of vagina produce additional lubrication
prominence over the pubic symphysis
formed by subcutaneous adipose
mons pubis
outer fold surrounding the vestibule
contains sebaceous and sweat glands
has thin muscle layer
labia majora
inner, hairless fold
many blood vessels
deeper region has lots of melanin
labia minora
composed of glans clitoris and corpus cavernosa
covered by thin prepuce with sensory nerve endings
has mechanoreceptors and erectile tissue in it
clitoris
region surrounding opening to vagina
contains mucus gland
vestibule
hymen
thin extension of mucus tissue that covers the region
broken in fetal development
if not open - inperforated hymen : treat with estrogen or hymenectomy
what is the main clinical reason ppl pa attention to the shape of the hymen
child abuse
-look at the ridge of the hymen if breaks in it that is unusual in a child - may indicative penetration
mammary glands
modified sudoriferous glands
organized in lobes separated by adipose tissue
each lobe has smaller compartments/lobules
-lobules have milk secreting cells - alveoli
milk moves from alveoli to lactiferous ducts that terminate at nipple in lactiferous sinuses
what is breast tissue supported by
suspensory ligaments that connect to the deep fascia
some women may find out through a mammogram they have dense breasts what does this mean?
higher % of mammary glands than fat
harder to get a good reading on a mammogram may need ultrasound
if dense breasts - inc risk of breast cancer - controversy
3 stages of female sexual act
erection
lubrication
orgasm
female erection
arousal results in PARASYMPATHETIC impulses to vulva
erection of clitoris and bloodflow to labia
-clitoris goes under prepuce to prevent overstimulation that can be painful
female lubrication
parasympathetic impulses trigger mucosal secretion from both the cervical and vestibular glands
female orgasm
SYMPATHETIC impulses result in rhythmic contractions in the perineal muscles
blood vessels contracted after done and pressure decreases
