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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 1: Nervous System Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Exam 1: Nervous System Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

When does brain vesicle formation begin? (Primary vesicles)

A

3rd to 4th week of development

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2
Q

what are the primary vesicles

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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3
Q

when do secondary vesicles form? and what primary vesicles further develop into secondary vesicles?

A
  • in the 5th week of development

- prosencephalon and rhombencephalon further develop

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4
Q

secondary vesicles for prosencephalon

A

telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon (extensions for eyes coming out, thalamus with levels of alertness, hypothalamus for coordination and BP HR and the eipthalamus with pineal gland for circadian rhythms)

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5
Q

secondary vesicles of rhombencephalaon

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

  • metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
  • myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
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6
Q

what brain structure has 50% of neurons

A

cerebellum

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7
Q

what are the 2 flexures shown in the 4th week (primary vesicles still)

A

cephalic

cervical

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8
Q

what do the flexures initiate

A

boundaries of brain regions

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9
Q

cephalic flexure

A

inferiorly marks boundary between mesencephalon and rhombencephalon (midbrain and the hindbrain)

superiorly marks boundary between prosencephalon and mesencephalon (forebrain and midbrain)

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10
Q

cervical flexure

A

boundary between spinal cord and the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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11
Q

flexure shown in the 5th week

A

pontine flexure

- boundary between myelencephalon and metencephalon of the rhombencephalon

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12
Q

in the prosencephalon, the most anterior region forms two ____ which will develop into the _____

this differentiates the ___ from the ____

A

outpockets
cerebral hemispheres
telencephalon from the diencephalon

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13
Q

polymicrogyria

A

abnormal development of gyri and sulci in the cerebrum
many small folds that can fuse together and prevent blood vessels from getting through

  • regions of corpus callosum may not develop effecting speech, movement, seizures
  • mainly in lateral fissure

causes: zika, cytomegalovirus, genetic deletions

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14
Q

components of brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

the mesencephalon (midbrain) and the rhombencephalon (medulla and pons)

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15
Q

brain stem function

A

autonomic reflex center

  • involved in basic respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive functions
  • picks up info to send to thalamus for level of alertness
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16
Q

rhombencephalon components and their components

A

myelencephalon: medulla oblongata
metaencephalon: pons and cerebellum

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17
Q

2 divisions of the medulla oblongata

A

autonomic centers and relay centers

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18
Q

autonomic centers of medulla

A

mostly for visceral reflexes info

visceral sensory and visceral motor

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19
Q

relay stations of medulla

A

SOMATIC
nucleus cuneatus
nucleus gracilis
olivary nucleus

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20
Q

olivary nuclei of medulla

A
  • each have many nuclei
  • inferior: stays in medulla - motor communication with cerebellum

-Superior: crosses into pons - sound localization, relay from midbrain to cerebellum
inferior colliculus , involuntary saccades

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21
Q

nucleus cuneatus

A

sends info from cuneatus tract to somatosensory center in cerebrum through thalamus
above T6

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22
Q

nucleus gracilis

A

below T6

sends info from gracilis tract to somatosensory center in cerebrum through thalamus

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23
Q

autonomic centers of the medulla

A

solitary nucleus
reticular formation
cardiovascular and respiratory centers

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24
Q

receives and coordinates input from organ systems and cranial nerves 7,9,10
involved in gustatory, GI, chemoreceptor input and connections with cardiovascular and respiratory

A

solitary nucleus

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25
Q

descends from RAS - helps with alertness

integrates with corticobulbar and solitary reflexes

A

reticular formation

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26
Q

contain both accelerator and inhibitory regions
gives basic mechanics of respiration and HR
does not physically accelerate r decelerate

A

cardiovascular and respiratory centers

27
Q

2 functions of pons

A

contains autonomic centers

acts as bridge to and from cerebellum

28
Q

autonomic centers of pons

A

respiratory centers and peduncles

29
Q

2 respiratory centers of pons and what they do

A

pneumotaxic: controls respiration rate
apneustic: controls depths of breaths
- controls pneumotaxic
- can inhibit rate of breathing, cannot accelerate it - like a brake in car going down hill you just remove brake and it goes on its own
- slows down respiration - slow shallow breaths

30
Q

what happens if you destroy apneustic portion of respiratory center of pons?

A

respiration rate would increase, breathe faster, shallow breathes without control
- gives tidal volume and hyperventilation

31
Q

peduncles and the three pairs in the pons

A

communication tracts to and from cerebellum

superior, middle, inferior

32
Q

sends info regarding the current position of the body to the cerebellum
proprioception - tension in muscles and joints
unconsciously
- spinocerebellar tracts, vestibular tracts

A

inferior peduncle

33
Q

allows reception of corticospinal info
determines intended movement
monitor info and take to cerebellum

A

middle peduncle

34
Q

connects to cerebrum
sends efferent info from cerebellum to midbrain and thalamus
fine tune it and send to midbrain
suggestion on how to do it better

A

superior peduncle

35
Q

cerebellum

A

has reversed organization: white matter (arbor vitae) on inside
50% of neurons in brain
involved in: postural reflexes, voluntary muscle movement coordination, timing, procedural memory

36
Q

lobes of the cerebellum

A

vermis
flocculonodular
anterior and posterior lateral hemispheres

37
Q

vermis

A

runs down middle

spinocerebellar integration - proprioception

38
Q

flocculonodular

A

vestibulocular reflexes

  • unconscious saccades as you move you do not have to think about adjusting where you are at
    ex: spinning people in barany test - nystagmus at end
39
Q

anterior and posterior lateral hemispheres

A

planning, timing, cognitive function

figuring out how to do an action more smooth

40
Q

layers of the cerebellum

A

molecular layer
purkinje layer
granule layer

41
Q

fine tuning integration layer of the cerebellum

A

molecular layer

42
Q

layer of cerebellum with LARGE cells, only ones that sends signals to the deep cerebellar nucleus
coordination, smooth movement of muscle

A

purkinje layer

43
Q

layer of cerebellum with densely populated glial cells and feedback cells

A

granule layer

44
Q

main fibers of cerebellum circuitry

A

climbing, mossy, purkinje

45
Q

modifiers of cerebellum circuitry

A

granules, golgi, basket/stellate

46
Q

climbing fibers

A

current position of the body

tension in joints and muscles

47
Q

mossy fibers

A

some input regarding proprioception, carries input for intended movement
monitor from spinocerebellar - what is motor cortex sending out

48
Q

purkinje fibers

A

send out final cue to dentate- dentate nuclei initially stimulated by mossy on their way in

49
Q

granule modifiers

A

put out parallel fibers to communicate info from mossy fibers to many purkinje cells
increased granule = increased purkinje output

50
Q

golgi modifiers

A

monitor parallel fibers and mossy input
negative feedback loop with granules
increased golgi = decreased purkinje output

51
Q

basket/stellate

A

monitor parallel fibers

inhibit purkinje output

52
Q

what modifiers decrease purkinje output

A

golgi, basket, stellate

53
Q

dentate nuclei

A

have 4 pairs of nuclei
send feedback to motor cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia

dorsal: voluntary, skeletal
ventral: visual spatial - conscious

54
Q

functions of the midbrain (mesencephalon)

A
  • relays info for vision and hearing

- role in head and neck movement - speech motor movements

55
Q

2 paired structures in corpora quadrigemina in midbrain

A 
superior colliculi (visual reflexes)
inferior colliculi (auditory reflexes) 
CN 2,3,4,8 involved
56
Q

3 relays of the midbrain

A

medal lemniscus
corticospinal
reticular formation

57
Q

medial lemniscus

A

dosal columns going up

58
Q

corticospinal

A

descending tracts, communicate with cerebellum

59
Q

reticular formation

A

continuous from lower brain stem to thalamus
involved in alertness
pain perception - of senses just NOT smell
movement control

60
Q

highly vascular
important in extrapyramidal tracts\adjustments in movement relayed through here
posture and head, neck, upper body movement
russian 15yr old olympics- risk of impairments to extrapyramidal tracts - reflexive, rigidity in postural reflexes

A

red nucleus

61
Q 
dense with dopaminergic cells
dark color-metabolized dopamine
regulates GABA producing cells for fine tuning voluntary motor movement
when to start and stop movement 
links to limbic system and basal ganglia
A

substantia nigra

62
Q

components of prosencephalon

A

diencephalon and telencephalon

63
Q

diencephalon

A
  • relays all sensory info besides smell
  • controls many autonomic functions(raise or lower T, HR
  • integration with endocrine system (pituitary gland) - hypothalamus
64
Q

telencephalon

A
  • largest division in brain
  • memory processing
  • complex learned behavior
  • cognitive functions - how you process and make memories, judgement
  • somatic regulation

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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