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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 3: Circulatory System - Blood > Flashcards

Exam 3: Circulatory System - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

functions of blood (6)

A
  • transportation of dissolved substances
  • defense against infection
  • pH regulation
  • fluid balance
  • thermoregulation
  • clotting
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2
Q

what is blood?

A

specialized connective tissue

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3
Q

formed elements of blood

A

suspended in plasma matrix

-erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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4
Q

plasma composition (5)

A

albumin: maintains oncotic P, some transport
alpha and beta globulins: transport proteins and coagulation factors
gamma globulins: immunoglobulins
complement proteins: defense
fibrinogen: clot structural proteins

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5
Q

serum

A

plasma without the clotting factors

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6
Q

what is the origin of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

A

mesenchymal

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7
Q

where do HSC develop during late gastrulation

A

extraembryonic, yolk sac membrane

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8
Q

initial hematopoiesis is transient with

A

stem cells migrating to the fetal liver

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9
Q

in early through mid-gestation what is the primary site of hematopoeisis

A

liver

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10
Q

from the liver stem cells migrate through the circulatory system to ___ and ___

A

spleen and bone marrow

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11
Q

at birth spleen production declines and what becomes the main hematopoietic site

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

what happens at 4-5yrs old - bone marrow development

A

adipose tissue infiltrates marrow cavity at diaphysis and spreads toward the epiphysis replacing hematopoietic tissue

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12
Q

what happens at 4-5yrs old - bone marrow development

A

adipose tissue infiltrates marrow cavity at diaphysis and spreads toward the epiphysis replacing hematopoietic tissue

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13
Q

by adulthood where is hametopoietic marrow limited to

A

flat bones, vertebrae, epiphyses of humerus and femur

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14
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells
begins with multi-potent stem cell - hemocytoblast
hemocytoblasts go through mitosis - one stays behind and remains hemocytoblast and the other is sensitized in 2 ways

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14
Q

2 ways hemocytoblast is sensitized

A

become lymphoid stem cell: only gives lymphocytes (b cells, t cells, natural killer)
myoloid stem cell: can become all of the others (platelets, macrophages, other WBC)

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14
Q

precursor cells for erythropoiesis contain receptors for…

A

EPO
transferrin
fibronectin

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14
Q

EPO

A

directs maturation with receptors increasing in proerythroblasts

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14
Q

what happens when our oxygen level goes down (erythropoiesis)

A

kidney interstitial cells release EPO which circulates to bone marrow and binds to receptor on stem cell

this triggers the stem cel to start increasing transferrin receptors - once this happens NO going back - determined to differentiate into mature erythrocyte

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14
Q

transferrin

A

transport molecule for iron

circulates to bone marrow and takes in iron which is the raw material for hemoglobin

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14
Q

reticulocytes

A

show a decrease in fibronectin receptors - correlating with their release from marrow stoma into circulation

they eject nuclei prior to release

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15
Q

what is high reticulocytes a sign of

A

red flag!!

something is happening to cause them the up the production of RBC

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16
Q

what happens to reticulocytes that are still expressing fibronectin receptors

A

they are sequestered in the spleen until the “stickiness” is lost

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17
Q

what happens to the erythrocyte after the expulsion of the nucleus as a reticulocyte

A

it becomes a biconcave disc which the shape causes an increased surface area for more gas exchange

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18
Q

as erythrocyte ages what happens?

A

dec in enzyme activity, membrane, water, and ability to bend and deform under stress

ones that lose flexibility cannot navigate through the stresses of spleen and are destroyed

19
Q

composition of hemoglobin

A 
4 subunits (2 alpha, 2 beta) 
- each subunit has a heme group
20
Q

heme group

A

porphyrin ring with a central iron

- the iron attracts and binds oxygen forming oxyhemoglobin

21
Q

carbon monoxide

A

irreversibly binds hemoglobin lowering the cell’s oxygen carrying capacity
- it ruins the cooperativity since each subunit influences the binding of another

22
Q

hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

sigmoidal so cooperative binding

  • when partial pressure of O2 high, loading is favored
  • when partial pressure of O2 low, unloading is favored
23
Q

shifting left vs right on hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

left: produces hyperbolic curve, increasing affinity for oxygen favors loading
right: release more O2 into the tissues affinity decreased

24
Q

2,3-DPG

A

used to help hemoglobin give sigmoidal curve, favor unloading
- shelf life of blood bank - as it goes down you go to the left, hyperbolic, will not be good at delivering oxygen bc affinity is so high

25
Q

what is a shift left characteristic of

A

dec T, dec 2,3-DPG, dec hydrogen level, inc carbon monoxide - favor loading

26
Q

what is a shift right characteristic of

A

inc T, inc 2,3-DPG, inc acid level

- caused by lots of exercise

27
Q

fetal vs adult hemoglobin

A

fetal: no beta chains - it has 2 gamma instead
- gamma dos not interact with 2,3-DPG which shifts curve to left

  • this allows fetal Hb to load while the mother Hb unloads

shift fom fetal to adult Hb is at 6 months old

28
Q

main buffering system in the body

A

bicarbonate system

29
Q

erythrocytes and buffering

A

CO2 diffuses into erythrocyte and small amounts bind to Hb and are transported as carbaminoHb

most CO2 tho is converted by carbonic anhydrase into carbonic acid and then bicarbonate and H+

H+ can be buffered vy Hb and other cytoplasmic proteins

30
Q

what protein is in erythrocyte membranes that acts as the chloride exchanger?

A

band 3 protein

31
Q

why would you expect band 3 protein to be in the kidney

A

homeostasis

- the kidney exchanges carbonate and chloride

32
Q

erythrocyte breakdown

A
  • erythrocytes removed from circulation by macrophages in spleen, liver, bone marrow
  • iron salvaged; transported by transferrin to bone marrow for new cell production or liver for storage
  • proteins broken down into AA and can be recycled or used
  • bilirubin excreted via bile through GI tract
  • microbial activity converts bilirubin to urobilinogen and stercobilins
  • some urobilins diffuse into bloodstream and eliminated by kidneys
33
Q

most common blood type for transfusion

A

ABO

34
Q

bombay O phenotype

A

homozygous recessive
do not make any antigens
difficult for these people to receive blood

35
Q

have antibodies opposite glycosylation

A

if type A you have antibodies to B

36
Q

second most important antigen for transfusions

A

Rh factor
if antigen D present = Rh+
if antigen D absent = Rh -

37
Q

leukocytes

A

involved in defense/immune response
once released in bone marrow they migrate to tissues to be functional

granulocytes or agranulocytes

38
Q

shape of leukocytes in bloodstream vs tissue

A

blood: spherical
tissue: amoeboid (dendritic cells)

39
Q

what do granulocytes include

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

40
Q

what do agranulocytes include

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

41
Q

production of granulocytes

A

cytokine known as granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

triggers determination of precursor myeloid cell into granulocyte or monocyte developmental pathway

42
Q

secretion of GM-CSF comes from

A

endothelium, mesenchymal tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes

43
Q

what indicates an upregulation in response to immune activity

A

the fact that activated macrophages and lymphocytes can secrete these growth factors

44
Q

neutrophils

A

60-70% of the circulating leukocytes
first to respond to infection/injury
engulf bacteria into vacuoles called - phagosomes
granules and lysosomes fuse with vacuoles (lower pH and release enzymes)
lactoferrin binds to iron depriving bacteria
leads to bacterial death if no iron available

45
Q

apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, cell debris, and ECF form…

A

pus

46
Q

eosinophils

A

2-4% leukocytes
phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
modulates inflammatory responses

  • cells produce substances that inactivate leukotrienes and histamines
  • have toxins and enzymes with cytotoxic effect on parasites (protozoa, helminths)
  • found in connective tissue of bronchi, GI, female reproductive tract
47
Q

what inc eosinophils?

what dec eosinophils?

A

inc: helminthic infection and allergic reaction
dec: corticosteroids

48
Q

why are you inactivating histamines wih eosinophils if you are increasing inflammation?

A

there are other ways to get inflammation

they have interplay with worms: worms release histamine which slows down response of eosinophils to counteract the eosinophils inactivate histamines

49
Q

basophils

A

less than 1% of circulating leukocytes

mediate inflammation

50
Q

what do basophils contain

A

histamine, leukotrienes, platelet activating factor, eosinophil and neutrophil chemotaxic factors and heparin

51
Q

what do basophils express on surface

A

IgE

secrete in response to certain antigens

52
Q

mast cells

A

nearly identical to basopohils

- share common progenitor but have different development

53
Q

what can occur from repeat exposure to basophils

A

inc in IgE which could result in hypersensitivity reaction - allergic response
anaphylactic shock

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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