Lungs, Pleura, & Thoracic Wall Flashcards
The mediastinum is found between what ribs?
T3-T9
Which ribs are considered “atypical”?
ribs 1, 2, 11, and 12
Which ribs are considered “true” ribs?
ribs 1-7
Which ribs are considered “false” ribs?
ribs 8-10
Which ribs are considered “floating” ribs?
11 and 12
What makes up the joint of head of rib?
body of vertebra superior to rib; intervertebral disc; and body of vertebra of same number as rib
What makes up the costotransverse joint?
tubercle of rib; transverse process of vertebra of same number as
What makes up an intervertebral disc?
anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus
What type of joint is an intervertebral joint?
symphysis
What type of joints are a costovertebral joint of head of rib and costotransverse joint?
synovial plane of joint
What type of joint is a sternocostal joint?
1st: primary cartilaginous joint
2nd-7th: synovial plane joints
What type of joint is a sternoclavicular joint?
saddle joint
What type of joint is a costochondral joint?
primary cartilaginous joint
What type of joint is an interchondral joint?
synovial plane joint
What type of joint is a manubriosternal joint?
symphysis joint
What type of joint is a xiphisternal joint?
primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis joint)
During forced inspiration, what direction does the thoracic skeleton (ribs) move?
expand outward
During forced expiration, what direction does the thoracic skeleton (ribs) move?
inward
What are the muscles of the thoracic skeleton?
intercostal muscles
During inhalation do muscles contract or relax?
contract
During expiration, do muscles contract or relax?
both, collectively decreasing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity
Where are the muscles of respiration located?
anterior and posterior surfaces of the thorax
What is the diaphragm shaped like?
a parachute
When does the diaphragm contract and relax?
contracts during inspiration
relaxes during expiration
What action do the external intercostal muscles have on the ribcage?
elevate
What action do the internal intercostal muscles have on the ribs?
depress
What action do the innermost intercostal muscles have on the ribs?
elevate
What action does the transverses thoraces have on the ribs?
depress
What action do the subcostal muscles have on the ribs?
depress
What action does the levator costarum have on the ribs?
elevate
What action does the serratus posterior superior have on the ribs?
elevate
What action does the serratus posterior inferior have on the ribs?
depress
What innervates the levator cost arum?
posterior rami of C8-T11
What innervates the serratus posterior superior?
2nd-5th intercostal nerves
What innervates the serratus posterior inferior?
9th-11th intercostal nerves
What do the posterior and anterior intercostals arteries supply?
intercostal muscles and overlying skin, parietal pleura
What does the internal thoracic artery supply?
By way of anterior intercostal arteries to intercostal spaces 1-6 and musculophrenic arteries to intercostal spaces 7-9
What does the subcostal artery supply?
muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall and overlying skin
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
While both right and left lungs have oblique fissures, the right lung also has the ___ fissure.
horizontal
Is the thoracic duct located in the right or left lung?
superior lobe of the left lung
What are the two nerves that innervate the lungs?
vagus and phrenic nerves
In regards to blood supply to the lungs, where do the left bronchial arteries come from?
aorta
In regards to blood supply to the lungs, where do the right bronchial arteries come from?
intercostal arteries, aorta, or left bronchial arteries
What are the two veins in the lungs?
bronchial veins, pulmonary veins
Where do the bronchial veins drain into?
azygos system
right: azygos vein
left: accessory hemiazygos vein or intercostal vein
In regards to innervation of the lungs, what are the two sources of sympathetics?
postganglionic sympathetic pathway via the right and left pulmonary plexuses
In regards to innervation of the lungs, what is the source of parasympathetics?
vagus nerve
Describe what happens when an individual has a collapsed lung
Air infiltrating the pleural cavity (pneumothorax) can break surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura. When this happens, the elastic lung tissue will recoil (collapse) leaving air filled space within the pleural cavity that prevents expansion of lung during inspiration
Describe what happens when an individual has a hemothorax, hydrothorax, and chylothorax
Other substances such as blood (hemothorax) from a penetrating wound, serous fluid (hydrothorax), or lymph (chylothorax) that infiltrated the pleural cavity may also cause lung to collapse.
What is pleuritis (pleurisy)?
inflammation of the pleura, may cause “scraping sounds” during auscultation, and can cause sharp stabbing pain
What is a pulmonary embolism?
obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble; passes from vein into right side of heart via vena cava and then travels through heart and into pulmonary artery, obstructing blood flow
What is a common cause of PE?
Deep vein thrombosis
What is bronchogenic carcinoma?
common type of lung cancer arising from bronchial epithelium, smoking is a major cause, highly metastatic due to association of lymphatics in bronchial tissue, typically metastasizes to brain and cranium
What is malignant mesothelioma?
rarer type of lung cancer affecting pleura caused by exposure to asbestos; can affect other internal organs
What is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)?
bacterial infection of the lungs; can spread to other organs; contagion spread through the air through droplets from an infected individual coughing, sneezing, or talking; 1/3 of the world’s population is currently infected but only 5-10% become sick or infectious
