Lab 1 Cardiopulmonary

Question 1

Which are the true ribs, and why?

Answer 1

1-7; they articulate directly with sternum

Question 2

Which are the false ribs, and why?

Answer 2

8-10; they articulate with costal cartilage of the ribs above

Question 3

Which are the floating ribs, and why?

Answer 3

11 & 12; they only articulate with the vertebrae

Question 4

Name the intercostal, neck, and extrinsic back muscles that act upon the thorax for forced respiration

Answer 4

External, internal and innermost intercostal muscles, scalene muscles,
posterior superior and inferior serratus muscles, transversus thoracis,
subcostal muscles, levator costorum. (Other muscles such as quadratus
lumborum, trapezius and latissimus dorsi could be included)

Question 5

What other muscle on the posterior aspect of the sternum and anterior thorax acts in respiration?

Answer 5

Transversus thoracis

Question 6

What artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries?

Answer 6

Internal thoracic (mammary) a.

Question 7

What artery gives rise to the posterior intercostal arteries?

Answer 7

Thoracic aorta

Question 8

Do the intercostal vessels run superior or inferior to individual ribs and in what order (from superior to inferior) do they run?

Answer 8

the primary vessels run inferior to individual ribs and run vein, artery, nerve
from superior to inferior.

Question 9

What two muscles sandwich the intercostal neurovascular bundles?

Answer 9

Internal and innermost intercostal

Question 10

Describe the serous pericardium.

Answer 10

This is a two layered sack creating a potential space around the heart. It
consists of a parietal layer that lines the fibrous pericardium and a visceral
layer that is adhered to the heart and forms the epicardium.

Question 11

What nerve conveys pain from the pericardium?

Answer 11

Phrenic n.

Question 12

What and where are the transverse and oblique pericardial sinuses?

Answer 12

The pericardial sinuses are spaces formed by the pericardium. The
transverse sinus is posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The oblique
sinus is posterior to the heart.

Question 13

Provide the contents of the superior, anterior, posterior and middle mediastina.

Answer 13

The superior mediastinum contains the great vessels.
The anterior‐inferior contains fat and connective tissue, and the thymus in
infants.
The middle‐inferior contains the heart and the pericardia.
The posterior‐interior contains the descending thoracic aorta, the thoracic
lymphatic duct, and the esophagus. (you could also include the sympathetic
trunk, thoracic splanchnic nerves, and the azygous venous system)

Question 14

Where is pectinate muscle found in the heart?

Answer 14

Auricle of right atrium

Question 15

From what embryonic structures are the right and left auricles derived?

Answer 15

Primitive embryonic atrium

Question 16

What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of and what was its function in the fetus?

Answer 16

foramen ovale, which shunted blood from the right to
the left atrium in order to bypass the developing but nonfunctional lungs.


Question 17

Where are papillary muscles found, when do they contract, and what is their function?

Answer 17

They are found in the ventricles attaching to the leaflets of the
atrioventricular valves. They contract just prior to contraction of the ventricle in order to prevent leaflet prolapse into the atria.


Question 18

Describe cardiopulmonary circulation, include the names of the relevant chambers, valves, and vessels in your description.

Answer 18

1)blood enters the right atrium via the vena cavae
2)blood enters the right ventricle via the right atrioventricular valve
3)blood enters the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonic semilunar valve and
enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries
4) blood returns from the lungs via pulmonary veins and enters the left
atrium
5) blood enters the left ventricle via the left atrioventricular valve
6) blood enters the aortic arch via the aortic semilunar valve

Question 19

Where are the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes located?

Answer 19

The sinoatrial node is positioned in the wall of the right atrium just lateral to
the junction where the superior vena cava enters the right atrium.

The atrioventricular node is in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial
septum near the opening of the coronary sinus.

Question 20

How do the ventricles of the heart contract first from the apex and then move superiorly?

Answer 20

The ventricular bundle branches of the Purkinje system transmit the signal
rapidly to the apex.

Question 21

From which coronary artery does the sinuatrial nodal branch arise?

Answer 21

Right coronary a.

Question 22

From which coronary artery does the anterior interventricular branch arise?

Answer 22

Left coronary a.

Question 23

From which coronary artery does the posterior interventricular branch arise?

Answer 23

Right coronary a.

Question 24

What are the number of lobes per lung and what are their names?

Answer 24

Right: superior, middle, and inferior lobes

Left: superior and middle lobes

Question 25

Which lung has the aortic impression and which has the azygous impression?

Answer 25

The left lung has the aortic impression. The right lung has the azygous
impression.