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Anatomy II > Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the Abdominal region?

A

peritoneal cavity; gastrointestinal tract and associated glands and digestive organs; nerves; lymphatic; blood vessels; renal system

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2
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

xiphoid process; costal margins; ilium; pubis

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3
Q

What is the linea terminalis?

A

a line that separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis

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4
Q

What is superior to the linea terminalis?

A

abdomen or false pelivs

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5
Q

What is inferior to the linea terminalis?

A

pelvis or true pelvis

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6
Q

What is the pelvic inlet formed by?

A

pectin pubis (pubic bone), arcuate line (ilium), sacral promontory (sacrum)

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7
Q

Name the layers of the abdomen (superficial -> deep)

A

skin; fatty layer (camper’s); membranous layer (scarpa’s)

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8
Q

What is camper’s continuous with?

A

the superficial fatty layers in the thorax, thigh and perineum

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9
Q

What is scarpa’s continuous with?

A

fascia lata in the thigh and with the deep layer of superficial perineal fascia

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10
Q

True or false?

Scarpa’s fuses with the fascia kata and is continuous over the penis and scrotum

A

true

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11
Q

True or false?

Deep fascia follows the same pattern as the membranous layer of superficial fascia

A

false, does not follow the same pattern

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12
Q

True or false?
Fluid can leak into the potential space between the membranous layer of superficial fascia and the deep fascia of the external abdominal oblique muscle

A

true

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13
Q

Describe the transpyloric plane of the abdomen

A

transverse plane midway between the superior borders of the pubic symphysis and the manubrium

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14
Q

Describe the subcostal plane of the abdomen

A

plane at the lowest level of the costal margin

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15
Q

Describe the supracrestal plane of the abdomen

A

plane passing through the summits of the iliac crests

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16
Q

Describe the transtubercular plane of the abdomen

A

plane at the level of the iliac tubercles

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17
Q

Describe the interspinous plane of the abdomen

A

plane at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine

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18
Q

How many regions are in the anterior & lateral abdominal wall

A

9

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19
Q

What are the four pairs of muscles, located anteriorly and laterally collectively that compress and hold the abdominal organs in place

A

external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

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20
Q

What do the four pairs of muscles in the abdominal wall work together to do?

A

flex and stabilize the vertebral column; when they unilaterally contract they flex the vertebral column

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21
Q

What are the four pairs of muscles located posteriorly in the abdomen that flex the spine and lower limb?

A

iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor, quadratus lumborum

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22
Q

The three “flat muscles of the anterior/lateral abdominal wall end anteriorly in a strong sheet of aponeurosis called what?

A

the rectus sheath

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23
Q

What does the rectus sheath enclose?

A

rectus abdominis

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24
Q

What is the midline of the recuts sheath called?

A

linea alba

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25
Q

The layers of fascia and aponeuroses of the muscles forming the rectus sheath are arranged differently in the upper abdominal wall than they are in the lower wall. The line where this arrangement changes is located about 1/2 way between umbilicus and pubic symphysis and is called what?

A

the arcuate line

26
Q

What are the muscles above the arcuate line?

A

the aponeurosis from the internal oblique splits to surround rectus abdomens and the aponeurosis from transverses abdomens runs posterior to rectus abdominis

27
Q

What are the muscles below the arcuate line?

A

the rectus abdominis muscle lies directly on transversals fascia

28
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall: anterior & lateral?

A

rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis

29
Q

List the 4 abdominal wall muscles from superficial to deep order

A

external obliques, internal obliques, rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus

30
Q

What is the action of the external oblique muscle?

A

bilateral action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
unilateral action: lateral flexion of vertebral column

31
Q

What is the action of the internal oblique and what is it innervated by?

A

bilateral action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
unilateral action: lateral flexion of vertebral column

32
Q

What is the action of the transversus abdominis?

A

bilateral action: flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall, unilateral action: lateral flexion of vertebral column

33
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis?

A

flexes vertebral column: compresses abdominal wall

34
Q

What are the four posterior abdominal wall muscles? And what is their primary function?

A

Iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor, quadratus lumborum

function: flexors of the trunk and/or hip

35
Q

Where does the deep system of anterior abdominal wall arteries originate from?

A

originate superiorly from the subclavian artery

branches in the mid-abdomen are from the abdominal aorta

originate inferiorly from the external iliac artery

36
Q

Where does the superficial system of anterior abdominal wall arteries originate from?

A

originate superiorly from perforating branches

originate inferiorly from branches of the femoral artery

37
Q

What are the deep arteries of the anterior abdominal wall?

A 
musculophrenic anteriror artery;
superior epigastric artery;
inferior epigastric artery;
intercostal anterior artery;
subcostal anterior artery;
lumbar anterior artery;
deep circumflex iliac anterior artery
38
Q

What are the superficial arteries in the anterior abdominal wall?

A

superficial circumflex iliac artery; superficial epigastric artery; external pudendal artery

39
Q

What are the deep veins of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

subclavian vein, external iliac vein, lumbar & intercostal veins

40
Q

What are the superficial veins of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

thoracoepigastric vein; lateral thoracic vein; superficial epigastric vein

41
Q

What are the nerves in the anterior abdominal wall?

A

sensory dermatomes: T7-L1

42
Q

True or False?

anterior abdominal wall nerves are cutaneous branches of ventral rami

A

true

43
Q

What do anterior abdominal wall nerves lie between?

A

internal abdominal oblique and transverus abdominis

44
Q

What do anterior abdominal wall nerves pierce?

A

the rectus sheath to innervate the rectus abdominis muscles

45
Q

What do anterior abdominal wall nerves supply?

A

skin, muscles and parietal peritoneum

46
Q

The iliohypogastric nerve (L1) supplies what region?

A

suprapubic

47
Q

The ilioinguinal nerve (L1) enters the inguinal canal and emerges through the superficial inguinal ring and supplies what?

A

groin and scrotum/labium majus

48
Q

The genitofemoral nerve (L1 and L2) has two branches. Name the branches and the area they supply

A

genital branch: innervates the cremaster muscle or is cutaneous to the labium majus

femoral branch: cutaneous to the femoral triangle area

49
Q

Where do superior lymphatics in the anterior abdominal wall drain?

A

superiorly form umbilical region to anterior axillary and sternal nodes

inferiorly from umbilical region to superficial inguinal nodes

50
Q

Where do deep lymphatics in the anterior abdominal wall drain?

A

along posterior intercostal and lumbar vessels to deep abdominal nodes

from testes to deep abdominal nodes

51
Q

What is a hernia?

A

when a portion of the viscera protrudes through a weakened point of the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

52
Q

When does a strangulated intestinal hernia occur?

A

when blood flow to the trapped segment diminishes, causing that portion of the intestine to die

53
Q

What are the two types of hernias?

A

inguinal and femoral

54
Q

Which type of hernia is most common?

A

inguinal

55
Q

True or False?

The inguinal region is one of the strongest areas of the abdominal wall

A

false; weakest

56
Q

What causes an inguinal hernia?

A

rising pressure in the abdominal cavity provides the force to push a segment of the small intestine into the canal

57
Q

Explain what occurs in a direct inguinal hernia

A

the loop of the small intestine protrudes directly through the superficial inguinal ring, but not down the entire length of the inguinal canal, and creates a bulge in the lower anterior abdominal wall

58
Q

Explain what occurs in an indirect inguinal hernia

A

herniation travels down the entire inguinal canal and may event extend all the way into the scrotum

59
Q

Where does a femoral hernia occur?

A

occurs in the upper thigh, just inferior to the inguinal ligament, originating in the femoral triangle

60
Q

True or false?

women more commonly develop femoral hernias because of the greater width of their femoral triangle

A

true

61
Q

When does an umbilical hernia occur?

A

when a portion of intestine pushes through abdominal wall musculature in the periumbilical or umbilical region

note: most common in infants

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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