Abdominal Wall

Question 1

What are the contents of the Abdominal region?

Answer 1

peritoneal cavity; gastrointestinal tract and associated glands and digestive organs; nerves; lymphatic; blood vessels; renal system

Question 2

What are the bony landmarks of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 2

xiphoid process; costal margins; ilium; pubis

Question 3

What is the linea terminalis?

Answer 3

a line that separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis

Question 4

What is superior to the linea terminalis?

Answer 4

abdomen or false pelivs

Question 5

What is inferior to the linea terminalis?

Answer 5

pelvis or true pelvis

Question 6

What is the pelvic inlet formed by?

Answer 6

pectin pubis (pubic bone), arcuate line (ilium), sacral promontory (sacrum)

Question 7

Name the layers of the abdomen (superficial -> deep)

Answer 7

skin; fatty layer (camper’s); membranous layer (scarpa’s)

Question 8

What is camper’s continuous with?

Answer 8

the superficial fatty layers in the thorax, thigh and perineum

Question 9

What is scarpa’s continuous with?

Answer 9

fascia lata in the thigh and with the deep layer of superficial perineal fascia

Question 10

True or false?

Scarpa’s fuses with the fascia kata and is continuous over the penis and scrotum

Answer 10

true

Question 11

True or false?

Deep fascia follows the same pattern as the membranous layer of superficial fascia

Answer 11

false, does not follow the same pattern

Question 12

True or false?
Fluid can leak into the potential space between the membranous layer of superficial fascia and the deep fascia of the external abdominal oblique muscle

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Describe the transpyloric plane of the abdomen

Answer 13

transverse plane midway between the superior borders of the pubic symphysis and the manubrium

Question 14

Describe the subcostal plane of the abdomen

Answer 14

plane at the lowest level of the costal margin

Question 15

Describe the supracrestal plane of the abdomen

Answer 15

plane passing through the summits of the iliac crests

Question 16

Describe the transtubercular plane of the abdomen

Answer 16

plane at the level of the iliac tubercles

Question 17

Describe the interspinous plane of the abdomen

Answer 17

plane at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine

Question 18

How many regions are in the anterior & lateral abdominal wall

Answer 18

9

Question 19

What are the four pairs of muscles, located anteriorly and laterally collectively that compress and hold the abdominal organs in place

Answer 19

external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

Question 20

What do the four pairs of muscles in the abdominal wall work together to do?

Answer 20

flex and stabilize the vertebral column; when they unilaterally contract they flex the vertebral column

Question 21

What are the four pairs of muscles located posteriorly in the abdomen that flex the spine and lower limb?

Answer 21

iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor, quadratus lumborum

Question 22

The three “flat muscles of the anterior/lateral abdominal wall end anteriorly in a strong sheet of aponeurosis called what?

Answer 22

the rectus sheath

Question 23

What does the rectus sheath enclose?

Answer 23

rectus abdominis

Question 24

What is the midline of the recuts sheath called?

Answer 24

linea alba

Question 25

The layers of fascia and aponeuroses of the muscles forming the rectus sheath are arranged differently in the upper abdominal wall than they are in the lower wall. The line where this arrangement changes is located about 1/2 way between umbilicus and pubic symphysis and is called what?

Answer 25

the arcuate line

Question 26

What are the muscles above the arcuate line?

Answer 26

the aponeurosis from the internal oblique splits to surround rectus abdomens and the aponeurosis from transverses abdomens runs posterior to rectus abdominis

Question 27

What are the muscles below the arcuate line?

Answer 27

the rectus abdominis muscle lies directly on transversals fascia

Question 28

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall: anterior & lateral?

Answer 28

rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis

Question 29

List the 4 abdominal wall muscles from superficial to deep order

Answer 29

external obliques, internal obliques, rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus

Question 30

What is the action of the external oblique muscle?

Answer 30

bilateral action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall unilateral action: lateral flexion of vertebral column

Question 31

What is the action of the internal oblique and what is it innervated by?

Answer 31

bilateral action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall unilateral action: lateral flexion of vertebral column

Question 32

What is the action of the transversus abdominis?

Answer 32

bilateral action: flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall, unilateral action: lateral flexion of vertebral column

Question 33

What is the action of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 33

flexes vertebral column: compresses abdominal wall

Question 34

What are the four posterior abdominal wall muscles? And what is their primary function?

Answer 34

Iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor, quadratus lumborum function: flexors of the trunk and/or hip

Question 35

Where does the deep system of anterior abdominal wall arteries originate from?

Answer 35

originate superiorly from the subclavian artery branches in the mid-abdomen are from the abdominal aorta originate inferiorly from the external iliac artery

Question 36

Where does the superficial system of anterior abdominal wall arteries originate from?

Answer 36

originate superiorly from perforating branches originate inferiorly from branches of the femoral artery

Question 37

What are the deep arteries of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 37

``` musculophrenic anteriror artery; superior epigastric artery; inferior epigastric artery; intercostal anterior artery; subcostal anterior artery; lumbar anterior artery; deep circumflex iliac anterior artery ```

Question 38

What are the superficial arteries in the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 38

superficial circumflex iliac artery; superficial epigastric artery; external pudendal artery

Question 39

What are the deep veins of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 39

subclavian vein, external iliac vein, lumbar & intercostal veins

Question 40

What are the superficial veins of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 40

thoracoepigastric vein; lateral thoracic vein; superficial epigastric vein

Question 41

What are the nerves in the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 41

sensory dermatomes: T7-L1

Question 42

True or False? | anterior abdominal wall nerves are cutaneous branches of ventral rami

Answer 42

true

Question 43

What do anterior abdominal wall nerves lie between?

Answer 43

internal abdominal oblique and transverus abdominis

Question 44

What do anterior abdominal wall nerves pierce?

Answer 44

the rectus sheath to innervate the rectus abdominis muscles

Question 45

What do anterior abdominal wall nerves supply?

Answer 45

skin, muscles and parietal peritoneum

Question 46

The iliohypogastric nerve (L1) supplies what region?

Answer 46

suprapubic

Question 47

The ilioinguinal nerve (L1) enters the inguinal canal and emerges through the superficial inguinal ring and supplies what?

Answer 47

groin and scrotum/labium majus

Question 48

The genitofemoral nerve (L1 and L2) has two branches. Name the branches and the area they supply

Answer 48

genital branch: innervates the cremaster muscle or is cutaneous to the labium majus femoral branch: cutaneous to the femoral triangle area

Question 49

Where do superior lymphatics in the anterior abdominal wall drain?

Answer 49

superiorly form umbilical region to anterior axillary and sternal nodes inferiorly from umbilical region to superficial inguinal nodes

Question 50

Where do deep lymphatics in the anterior abdominal wall drain?

Answer 50

along posterior intercostal and lumbar vessels to deep abdominal nodes from testes to deep abdominal nodes

Question 51

What is a hernia?

Answer 51

when a portion of the viscera protrudes through a weakened point of the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 52

When does a strangulated intestinal hernia occur?

Answer 52

when blood flow to the trapped segment diminishes, causing that portion of the intestine to die

Question 53

What are the two types of hernias?

Answer 53

inguinal and femoral

Question 54

Which type of hernia is most common?

Answer 54

inguinal

Question 55

True or False? | The inguinal region is one of the strongest areas of the abdominal wall

Answer 55

false; weakest

Question 56

What causes an inguinal hernia?

Answer 56

rising pressure in the abdominal cavity provides the force to push a segment of the small intestine into the canal

Question 57

Explain what occurs in a direct inguinal hernia

Answer 57

the loop of the small intestine protrudes directly through the superficial inguinal ring, but not down the entire length of the inguinal canal, and creates a bulge in the lower anterior abdominal wall

Question 58

Explain what occurs in an indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 58

herniation travels down the entire inguinal canal and may event extend all the way into the scrotum

Question 59

Where does a femoral hernia occur?

Answer 59

occurs in the upper thigh, just inferior to the inguinal ligament, originating in the femoral triangle

Question 60

True or false? | women more commonly develop femoral hernias because of the greater width of their femoral triangle

Answer 60

true

Question 61

When does an umbilical hernia occur?

Answer 61

when a portion of intestine pushes through abdominal wall musculature in the periumbilical or umbilical region note: most common in infants