Lung And Upper Airway Diseases In Cattle

Question 1

Rhinitis

Answer 1

• viral
• bacterial
• fungal
• allergic
• nasal discharge
• lab exam +

Question 2

Sinusitis

Answer 2

• 90% traumatic origin
• viral
• bacterial
• allergic
• local inflammation

Question 3

Laryngo-tracheitis

Answer 3

• viral
• bacterial
• allergic
• coughing
• diagnosis: auscultation
• paralysis —> think of rabies
  - notifiable disease
  - zoonotic disease
• lab exam +

Question 4

Oedema / emphysema pulmorum

Answer 4

• 3 - metil - indol

subcutan emphysema dyspnoe

Diagnose:
• auscultation
• percussion auscultation

• lab exam +

Question 5

Pneumonia interstitialis

Answer 5

• viral
• bacterial
  • chlamydia
  • mycoplasma mycoides (notifiable disease)
• parasite

Fever
Restlessness anorexia

Diagnose:
• auscultation
• percussion auscultation

• lab exam +

Question 6

Malignant catarrhal fever

cause

Answer 6

herpesvirus (OHV-2)
Transmission from sheep and goats kept with close contact
Dyspnoae, bilateral catharacta
Keleti, József: A Malignant catarrrhal fever in our country.
Veterinarius.
The first description on the occurrence of the disease in Hungary

Cornea looks smoky

Question 7

Malignant catarrhal fever

clinical signs

Answer 7

salivation

Necrotic changes, purulent material

Question 8

IBR - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Etiology

Answer 8

Bovine herpes virus I

After stress (shipping fever), secondary bacterial infection (Pasteurella, Mannheimia)

Question 9

IBR - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Clinicals signs

Answer 9

unilateral catharacta, skimosis

Question 10

BVD – bovine virus diarrhea

Etiology

Answer 10

pestivirus

Severe immunosuppression

Nasal discharge (watery or greyish)

Question 11

BVD – bovine virus diarrhea

Diagnosis

Answer 11

ELISA, PCR

Question 12

Mixed virus infection (BVD, IBR), calf

Answer 12

Sharped edge ulcers in mucosal membranes

In farm condition -> big movement of animals

Immunodepression, fight for social raking, stress form transport

Question 13

Horn inflammation

Answer 13

Sinus frontalis, horn broken or cut

Bacteria etc can enter and cause infection

Antibiotics not helpful because bad circulation in bone

Local administered drug needed

Question 14

Laryngeal paralysis

Answer 14

First exclude rabies

Plomb poisoning

Question 15

Fog fever
(acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema, ABPEE)

Etiology

Answer 15

3-methyl-indol

Question 16

Fog fever
(acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema, ABPEE)

Pathogenesis

Answer 16

• Fresh purulent grass
• consume lot of easy hydrolysing proteins + quick hydrolysation of carbohydrates
• increased ruminal ammonia concentration
• pH decreases
• 3-methyl-indol goes to liver through portal circulation arrives in lung -> action of
phospholipid membrane which damages the alveolar epithel -> results in increased
permeability
• Lot of fluid appears in aveoli→pulmonary oedema

Question 17

Fog fever
(acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema, ABPEE)

Clinical signs

Answer 17

• after 4-10 days, sudden, multiplied onset!
• Only adult animals!
• Cyanosis
• T normal , P inc , R inc
• Nasal discharge: white foam, as sign of lung edema

Question 18

Fog fever
(acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema, ABPEE)

Diagnosis

Answer 18

detection of 3-methyl-indol from the ruminal fluid

Question 19

Fog fever
(acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema, ABPEE)

Differential diagnosis

Answer 19

• Severe rumen overload
• lactacidaemia
• bloat (free-gas, frothy)
        o percussion
        o ruminalfluid
• Poisonings: cyanic glicosides, methaemoglobinaemia

Question 20

Fog fever
(acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema, ABPEE)

Diseases with sudden death

Answer 20

• Cl. perfringens
• electrical stroke
• strike of lightening
• toxicoses

Question 21

Fog fever
(acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema, ABPEE)

Treatment

Answer 21

• Hay instead of grass!
• Keep off from the grass!
• Antibiotics per os to suppress bacteria producing ammonia (neomycine, tetracyclines)
o In farm conditions not per os for adult ruminants because problem of how to rebuilt ruminal flora
• 20-40 %-os glucose infusion iv. -> withdraw fluid from lung, kidney will excrete glucose (glycosuria but only temporally)
• Antihistamines, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, flunixin-meglumine (economy when applying these drugs?)
• Diuresis: furosemide iv.

Question 22

Enzootic bronchopneumonia of calves

Answer 22

Multifactorial disease

Did calve consume enough of good quality colostrum?

Question 23

Enzootic bronchopneumonia of calves

Etiology

Answer 23

Viruses:
• PI-3 parainfluenza
• adeno
• BVD
• RS respiratory syncytial
• IBR

Bacteria:
• Pasteurella haemolytica
• Pasteurella multocida
• Haemophilus somnus -> great importance for differential diagnosis
• Chlamydia psittaci -> zoonosis
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Mycoplasma bovis
➔ P. multocida and Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica: also responsible for shipping fever
(together with other respiratory viruses and mycoplasmas)

Question 24

Enzootic bronchopneumonia of calves

Predisposing factors

Answer 24

• dust
• cold
• gas (NH3)
• mycotoxins
• transport
• management problems
• trychophytiasis -> animal has always wet coat, general hygienic status is bad
• endo- and ectoparasites
• colostral antibodies!!!
• deficiency of essential nutritives and vitamins

Question 25

Occurence of bovine respiratory viruses

Answer 25

Virus / Infected farms / Serologically (+) samples Parainfluenza - 3 / 87% / 84% Bovine adeno - 2 / 53% / 36% IBR / 32% / 14% Bovine adeno - 4 / 23% / 5% Bovine adeno - 8 / 20% / 4%

Question 26

Occurence of bovine respiratory viruses Pathogenesis

Answer 26

* predisposing factors: virus infections * respiratoric epithelial damage * death or recovery bacterial infection * overgrowth of bacteria within the lower respiratory tract / citotoxin production * dysfunction of alveolar macrophags, overgrowth of bacteria, inflammation * death, chronic disease or recovery

Question 27

Occurence of bovine respiratory viruses Clinical signs

Answer 27

1. Sadness, but clean animal only nasal discharge, fever, auscultation moisture movement like finding 2. Accumulation of nasal discharge, start treatment advised o Question of antibiotic resistance

Question 28

Occurence of bovine respiratory viruses Chronic stage

Answer 28

inspiration type dyspnoea, small salivation, eyes (afraid of getting not enough air), haircoat not healthy animal

Question 29

Occurence of bovine respiratory viruses Treatment

Answer 29

➔ Cost benefit control • Antibacterial therapy: o antibiotics, sulfonamides, antiserum against pasteurellae to treat bacterial complications • Symptomatic therapy: o bronchodilators (e.g. aminophylline), secretolytics (e.g. acetylcysteine, bromhexine) o Antiinflammatoric and antitussive: e.g. antihistamines: dextromethorphan; o non-steroid antiinflammatorics, e.g. flunixin meglumine (expensive) • To improve general resistency: o Vitamin D and A • Young calfes (of few-day old): o preserved (frozen) colostrum can also be given

Question 30

Lung worm disease Etiology

Answer 30

Dictiocaulus viviparus

Question 31

Bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep Etiology

Answer 31

``` Viruses: • adenovirus • PI-3 virus • reovirus • retroviruses ``` ``` Bacteria: • Pasteurella • Chlamydia • Str. zooepidemicus (lamb) • Corynebact. pseudotub. (older adults) • Pseudomonas (adults) • Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae • Mycoplasma dispar ``` Parasites: • Dictyocaulus filaria • Protostrongylida spp. (focal)

Question 32

Bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep Predisposing factors

Answer 32

Malnutrition, crowded stables, cold, NH3

Question 33

Bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep Clinical signs

Answer 33

* Acute: Fever, dyspnea, nasal discharge, coughing * Chronic: Prolonged course, chronic wight loss, coughing * Lung adenomatosis: Thick, muddy nasal discharge Maedi:

Question 34

Bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep Diagnosis

Answer 34

Bronchial lavage: detection of bacteria or parasites