Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Farm Animal Medicine Final > Biochemical disorders of the rumen > Flashcards

Biochemical disorders of the rumen Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology of rumen function

A

Rumen juice

• Contents:
    o 80-90% water
        ▪ Feed, water and plasma
        ▪ Saliva daily is 90-160 L
            Chewing, swallowing, rumen homeostasis
            pH is 8.2-8.7 (and contains Na+, HCO3 and HPO4) 
            Recirculation of N material
            Contains fibre
    o pH: 6.3-7.1 Can degrade VFA and NH3
    o Temperature 39-40 ̊C
    o Anaerobic conditions
    o Rumen homeostasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Regulation of acid-base household in the rumen

A

• Natural feeding: rumen pH: 6,3-7,1
• Too much carbohydrates: many organic acid– pH decreases
• pH influences life of microbials, species content, activity
• Carbohydrate (grain) feeding pH 2.8-3.0 would be metabolic acidosis but
o Compensatory mechanism
o Saliva production: 60-180 1/day (pH:8.1), NaHCO3 1-1.2 kg/day, Na2HPO4 0.2-0.25
kg/day
o = buffering 5-6 kg volatile fatty acid daily
• NPN feeding or protein overload leads to formation of NH3 which results in metabolic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examination of ruminal content

A
  • Tubing
  • Transcutaneous punction, rumenocentesis
  • Fecal lipopolysaccharides measurement
  • Ruminal fistula
  • Milk Fatty Acid Pattern
  • Blood Gas Analysis, Urine Netto Acid base Excretion
  • Intraruminal bolus: Indwelling pH Data Logging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Forestomach disorders

Classification

A

• Localization
o diseases affecting more forestomach compartment (rumen)
o diseases affecting one forestomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Forestomach disorders

Course

A
  • Peracute: a few hours – 2 days
  • Acute: 3-14 days
  • Subacute: 2-4 weeks
  • Chronic: > 4 weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Forestomach disorders

Pathological process

A

• Primary
o Biochemical disorders
o Motoric disorders
• Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Forestomach disorders

Diseases of the forestomach

A

• Biochemical disorders

  1. Rumen overload and dilatation
  2. Simple indigestion
  3. Ruminal alkalosis
  4. Ruminal acidosis
  5. Ruminal tympany (bloat)
  6. Ruminal putrefaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rumen overload and dilatation

Aetiology

A
  • Suddenly much rough fodder (too tasty, much fibre or unusual)
  • Running away, hunger, lack of drinking, frozen or mouldy feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rumen overload and dilatation

Pathogenesis

A

• too much feed leads to ruminal dilatation and overload, obturated cardia and smooth muscle spasm and pain
• improper digestion, mixing leads to biochemical disorder
• lack of belching, rumination leads to gas accumulation which will compress the diaphragm
vena cava
• respiratory and circulatory failure occurs and then asphyxia
• prolonged biochemical disorder leads to shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rumen overload and dilatation

Clinical signs

A
  • Restlessness, colic
  • Salivation, retching
  • Dyspnea (labial) breathing, cyanosis, tachycardia
  • Tense, overfilled abdomen (left flank)
  • Ruminal statis, compact (thick), sedimented ruminal content
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rumen overload and dilatation

Diagnosis

A
  • History and clinical signs

* Probing shows only few gas and thick content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rumen overload and dilatation

Differentials

A 
1. Other biochemical disorders
    o triad: feeding history
    o typical clinical signs
    o examination of the ruminal fluid
2. Diseases with sudden death
    o Cyanide poisoning, “fog fever”, methemoglobinemia
3. Diseases with abdominal distension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rumen overload and dilatation

Treatment

A
  1. Analgesics, spasmolytics
  2. Emptying the rumen with tube and lavage with rumenotomy (Götze technique)
  3. Follow-up care includes dietetic feeding (see: simple indigestion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Simple indigestion of the rumen (indigestion simplex ingestae ruminis)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

A

• Feeding abnormalities leads to

a) quantitative-qualitative
b) change of the feed→disorder of adaptation
c) technological problems (e.g. lack of cribs or water)
d) trace elements: (--Co; ++ Mn and ++Cu)

Leads to
• Dysfunction of ruminal microorganisms
• Slow-down of biochemical processes
• Lack of ruminal protein and vitamin synthesis and VFA
Later metabolic products (NH3 and lactic acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Simple indigestion of the rumen (indigestion simplex ingestae ruminis)

Clinical signs

A

• Not remarkable, but often appear as a herd problem:
o Milk: (–) amount, (–) fat content
o Anorexia; weight loss; mild, but long-lasting deterioration
o Mild digestive disorders: (–) rumination, (–) rumen motility
▪ Moderate ruminal tympany
▪ Small, firm, doughy rumen
o Inactive ruminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Simple indigestion of the rumen (indigestion simplex ingestae ruminis)

Diagnosis

A

• Rather by exclusion of other diseases « triad

Differentials
• According to the triad (from biochemical disorders)
• Secondary forestomach disorders
• Primary motoric disorders
Other organic symptoms

17
Q

Simple indigestion of the rumen (indigestion simplex ingestae ruminis)

Treatment and Prevention

A
  1. Good quality food: molasses, sugar beet, hay, grass
  2. Ruminal digestive: yeast, rumen juice, Ruminogen pulv. A.U.V., Diernhofer mixture, rumen extract (Simulex A.U.V.), probiotics (Probios por A.U.V)
  3. Loosening of the rumen content: water, mineral oil, salt laxatives
  4. Elimination of feeding abnormalities
18
Q

Ruminal alkalosis / putrefaction

Etiology

A

RA:
(++)NH3

RP:
(++)NH3, toxic amines

19
Q

Ruminal alkalosis / putrefaction

Pathogenesis

A 
RA:
    Feeding failures (too much protein NPN substance)→ alkalic ruminal content, NH3 gets into circulation
RP:
    Putrid bacteria (E.coli, Proteus) from surroundings or overgrowth in the rumen leads to alkalic ruminal content and NH3 and biogenic amines get into circulation and damages other organs
20
Q

Ruminal alkalosis / putrefaction

Clinical signs

A

RA:
General and digestive signs

RP:
Same general and digestive signs but + nervous signs

21
Q

Ruminal alkalosis / putrefaction

Ruminal fluid analysis

A

RA:
Moderate abnormalities

RP:
Expressed abnormalities

22
Q

Ruminal alkalosis / putrefaction

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

A

According to the triad (from biochemical disorders)

23
Q

Ruminal alkalosis / putrefaction

Treatment

A
  1. Controlling ruminal pH (carbohydrate) vinegar, lactic acid 2. Antihistamines and flunixin meglumine maybe
  2. Antibiotics (neomycin, oxytetracycline) po.
  3. Sol. contra alkalosi/putrefaction FoNoVet
  4. parenteral fluid/electrolyte replacement
  5. Evacuation of the rumen
    AFTER-CARE: fresh rumen juice, hay, fermentable carbohydrates, probiotics, Ruminogen pulvis A.U.V. (sugar beet, molasses)
24
Q

(Acute) Ruminal acidosis (acidosis ruminis acuta)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

A

• High carbohydrate (Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus) and D-lactic acid (butyric acid) and shift in microflora
• Local changes
o (–) rumen pH (butyric acid)
o Mucosal damage
o (++) osmotic concentration
o (++) carbon dioxide concentration
• Systemic changes
o Metabolic acidosis
o (–) saliva production (buffer)
o Parenchymal organ degeneration o Paralysis of medullar centre
• Other consequences
o Bacterial toxins→parenchymal organ degeneration
o Biogenic amines→(++) permeability of vessels, laminitis
o Ethylene alcohol → toxic sings

25
Q

(Acute) Ruminal acidosis (acidosis ruminis acuta)

Clinical signs

A

• Course
o Peracute, acute
o Mild, moderate
o Severe
• General signs
o Depression, weakness, recumbency
• Basic clinical values
o T: –; P: (++), R: (++)
• Dehydration signs
o Sunken eyes,
o Skin: decreased elasticity
o Mucosal membrane vascularization, CRT
o +(Anuria)
• Digestive symptoms
o Rumen: firm→loose→tympanic + atonic
o Faeces: soft, sour, greyish-yellowish, bubbles, blood, grain
o +/- abdominal pain
• Central nervous signs
o Stupid, incoordination and impaired sight
o +/- Excitement → coma
o + (Kussmal type dyspnoea_
• Laboratory examinations
o Blood: (++) PCV, metabolic acidosis
o Urine shows decreased pH and negative NAB excretion
o Ruminal fluid:
▪ Greenish-yellow, sour, pH <5.2,
▪ Weak sour cream consistency
▪ Smear will show bacteria (Streptococcus and Lactobacillus)

26
Q

(Acute) Ruminal acidosis (acidosis ruminis acuta)

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

A
  • According to the triad (from biochemical disorders)
    • Diseases with acute CNS symptoms
    • Diseases with abdominal pain
27
Q

(Acute) Ruminal acidosis (acidosis ruminis acuta)

Treatment

A
  1. Correction of acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte imbalance: see table on the next slide
  2. Blocking of lactic acid production and absorption
  3. Restoration of ruminal digestion
  4. Additional medical treatment
28
Q

(Acute) Ruminal acidosis (acidosis ruminis acuta)

Treatment

  1. Correction of acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte imbalance: see table on the next slide
A

o Macromineral imbalance
▪ Hypokalemia: KCL 20 to 40 mEq/L during routine fluid administration (1 gram of KCl contains 14 mEq of K+) OR 11.5 g KCl/ 1000 ml saline, 5 ml/kg/hour.
▪ Hypocalcemia is suspected, a 500 ml bottle of calcium gluconate: 20 liters of fluids iv.
o Hypertonic saline: (7,4%): 4-5 ml/ttkg, in total 1000-2000 ml
54
▪ Freshwater administration per os thereafter
o Oral fluid therapy (mild dehydration): (NaCl (7 g/L)+KCl (1.25 g/L) and CaCl2 (0.5 g/L)
into one litre of drinking water
o Blood glucose control: iv glucose/dextrose.

29
Q

(Acute) Ruminal acidosis (acidosis ruminis acuta)

Treatment

  1. Blocking of lactic acid production and absorption
A

o Rumen emptying: rumenotomy
o Alkalizing agents:
▪ MgO, Mg(OH)2,: cattle 500 g, prevention 100g/day, sheep-goat 100g, prevention 10-15 g/day
▪ NaHCO3: 20-30 dkg/animal, prevention 5-10 dkg/day

30
Q

(Acute) Ruminal acidosis (acidosis ruminis acuta)

Treatment

  1. Restoration of ruminal digestion
A

o Direct Fed Microbials
▪ Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
▪ Enhancing lactic acid metabolism (probiotics)
o Rumen juice: transfaunation
o Monensin (EU forbidden)
o TMR: providing Physically Effective Fiber (peNDF), sorting prevention
o Close up diet: lengthen the rumen papillae
o Buffers: sodium bicarbonate (0,5% DMI)
o Feed additives (fumaric acid)
o Phytogenics
o Vaccination against Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus spp. (experimental)

31
Q

(Acute) Ruminal acidosis (acidosis ruminis acuta)

Treatment

  1. Additional medical treatment
A

o Flunixin-meglumine
o Antihistamines
o B1-vitamin injection

32
Q

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

A

Free gas bloat:
1. Increased gas production too much grain, low pH,
No adaptation of micro flora
2. blocked belching (mechanical, reflectoric)
3. prohibited ruminal movements rumen dilatation, smooth muscle spasm, abdominal pain compression of the diaphragm, lungs and caudal v. cava acute respiratory and circulatory failure absorption of CO2, H2S asphyxia, shock

Frothy bloat:

  1. Increased gas and foam production Leguminosae, low pH, cold feed, predisposition, increased Streptococcus bovis
  2. lack of belching (no stimulus)
33
Q

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Clinical signs

A 
Free gas bloat:
General signs (restlessness): ++
Basic clinical values
(resp/pulse): ++
Digesitve symptoms:
    Eructation: Stops from beginning
    Rumen volume: +++
    Auscultation: Crackles, crepitation
    Palpation: Tense
    Separation: Separated
    Percussion: Upper third tympanic
Diagnostic probing: Successful, much gas
Frothy gas bloat:
General signs (restlessness): +++
Basic clinical values
(resp/pulse): +++
Digesitve symptoms:
    Eructation: Soon ceases
    Rumen volume: ++
    Auscultation: Crackles, crepitation
    Palpation: Tense
    Separation: Not separated
    Percussion: All over subtympanic
Diagnostic probing: Unsuccessful, scanty foam
34
Q

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Course

A

Free gas bloat:
Rapid

Frothy bloat:
Rapid

35
Q

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Outcome

A

Free gas bloat:
Favourable

Frothy bloat:
Less favourable

36
Q

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Diagnosis

A

Diag:
Feeding history, clinical signs
Diagnostic probing (gas, ruminal fluid)

Differential diag:
Two types of primary acute tympany
Forms of secondary tympany (meteorismus)
Other biochemical disorders (going along with bloat) Diseases with abdominal distension
Animals on pasture: poisonings, rabies, tetanus Diseases with sudden death

37
Q

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Treatment

A

Free gas bloat

  1. Removal of the gas: stomach tube, trocarisation
  2. Elimination of the cause

Frothy bloat:

  1. Removal of rumen content: tubing, probang, antifoaming agents
  2. elimination of the cause
  3. After-care rumen juice, hay
38
Q

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Control and prevention

A

Adaptation, avoiding etiological factors
Enough therapeutic instruemnts, “client education” (measures) In some industries: surfactants onto skin, pasture, water (e.g. vegetable oil, poloxalane, alchol ethocylates); sustained – release techniques (capsule in the rumen); monensin:polyether ionophor antibiotics

39
Q

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Antifoaming drugs

A

• Atympan A.U.V.
o timol, formaldehyde, ethylene alcohol, antifoaming agent
• Bloat remedy A.U.V.
o symethicone
• Tympasol A.U.V.
o symethicone, methyl cellulose, peppermint oil, benzyl alcohol, benzoate derivates
• Traditional, home-made mixture
200 ml ethylene alcohol, cooking oil, methyl cellulose, and water → mixed and given in

Farm Animal Medicine Final (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions