Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Farm Animal Medicine Final > Diseases of the kidney and the excretory system in ruminants > Flashcards

Diseases of the kidney and the excretory system in ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Structure

A

• Renal diseases
o Non-purulentrenaldiseases ▪ Acute nephrosis
▪ Renal amyloidosis
▪ Non purulent nephritis
o Purulentrenaldiseases
▪ Purulent nephritis
▪ Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

• Urolithiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

A
  1. Acute nephrosis
  2. Renal amyloidosis
  3. Non purulent nephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

Common characteristics

A
  • Subclinical course, usually not diagnosed in vivo
  • Symptoms of underlying disease are dominant (common)
  • Clinical signs of renal disease (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

  1. Acute nephrosis

Cause:

A
  • Intoxication
  • Pb/As/Cu toxicosis
  • hemoglobin nephrosis
  • monensin
  • tannins (foliage of oak trees and acorns)
  • unidenfied toxin of Amaranthus retroflexus
  • ochratoxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

  1. Acute nephrosis

Characteristics

A
  • Rarely diagnosed clinically (no obvious signs)

* Urine: proteinuria, renal epithelial cells/cylinders (casts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

  1. Renal amyloidosis

Cause

A

➢ Chronic inflammatory (purulent) diseases of other organs immunological processes abnormal antigen- antibody reaction
➢ hyperglobulinemia amyloid protein deposition (causing acute kideny failure)
➢ (systemic disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

  1. Renal amyloidosis

Sequela

A
  • Renal enlargement (kidney can be evaluated -> rectal palpation -> size, lobulated, pressure for presence of pain)
  • Weight loss
  • Nephrotic syndrome: massive proteinuria + edema formation
  • Uremia: halitosis, uremic stomatitis, diarrhoea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

  1. Renal amyloidosis

Differential diagnosis

A
  • perform rectal examination, urinalysis!

* traumatic pericarditis, paratuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

  1. Non-purulent nephritis
A

(= glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis)
• primary disease or component of systemic diseases
• immun-complex formation (glomerulonephritis)
• infectious diseases (interstitial nephritis, e.g. leptospirosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non-purulent renal diseases

  1. Non-purulent nephritis

Characteristics

A
  • Rarely diagnosed clinically (no obvious signs)
  • Can be detected by ultrasound-guided biopsy if necessary
  • Urine: proteinuria, renal epithelial cells/cylinders (casts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Purulent renal diseases

A
  1. Purulent nephritis

2. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Purulent nephritis
A
  • (embolic nephritis) -> mostly

* (embolic suppurative nephritis or renal abscess)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Purulent nephritis

Occurrence and etiology

A

bacterial (metastatic emboli), hematogenous route from
• valvular endocarditis
• suppurative lesions in uterus, udder, navel (umbilicus)
• septicemias in calves/ lambs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Purulent nephritis

Characteristics

A
  • rarely diagnosed clinically (no obvious signs)
  • but: +/- rectal finding,
  • urine: proteinuria, pyuria, (microsc.) hematuria, bacteruria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Purulent nephritis

Treatment

A

antibiotics (sensitivity test; no nephrotoxic drugs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Occurrence and etiology

A

milking cows of 4-8 years, after calving, (after repeated antibiotics!), especially in autumn/winter

17
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Corynebacterium renale (C. bovis renalis), serotypes I. and III.

A

• urease positive→NH3 production→tissue necrosis
36
• attaches to the epithelium
• resistant to phagocytosis
(+ Arcanobacterium/Corynebacterium pyogenes, E. coli) usually ascending and
rarely hematogenous route
Cystitis, urethritis, pyelitis→nephritis (usullay bilateral)
Abscess in kidney, very painful, first acute than chronic kidney failure

18
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Clinical signs

A
  • subacute coursedecreased milk production
  • after calving; fluctuating fever, anorexia, dullness, weight loss,
  • signs of renal pain: kyphosis, stranguria + colic
19
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Rectal examination

A

painful, enlarged (left)

• kidney with abnormal consistency and irregular surface ( +/- enlarged ureter)

20
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Ultrasound examination

A

kidneys, bladderendoscopy

21
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Laboratory examination

A

• Blood: anemia, neutrophilia, uremia
• Urine:
o macroscopic abnormalities: smell, color, debris, pus, mucus detection of free NH3 with HCl (hydrochlorid acid)
o pH: 8.0-9.0; detection of protein, blood, neutrophils (Donne-test)
o Detection of C. renale: microscope, IF method, culture
Glass stick probe with HCL:
detection of free NH3 NH3 + HCL = NH3Cl „smoke” not used any more

22
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Diagnosis

A

• History
• clinical signs
• urinalysis
• ultrasonography: linear transducer that is used for reproduction can be used but sometimes
you can’t reach kidney only caudal lobe of left kidney
• differentiate from RPT, other urinary diseases

23
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Treatment

A

indication of treatment (?), early diagnosis!

• antibiotics (resistance test): penicillin (+ streptomycin?)
o sterile urine collection for urine culture -> catheterization but very difficult in standing
position for bull
• acidification 10-14 (21) days (sodium phosphate, 100 g/24h)
• nephrectomy

24
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Prevention

A
  • good hygiene at calving

* avoid catheterization and breeding with a bull

25
Q

Purulent renal diseases

  1. Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Prognosis

A
  • early phase: favourable

* later phase: questionable – poor

26
Q

Urolithiasis

Occurrence

A 
• feedlot bulls:
        o in vivo 0 -10%
        o post mortem can be 75 - 80% 
• feedlot lambs:
        o in vivo 12 - 15%
        o post mortem can be 85 - 100% 
• onset: mainly between October – March
27
Q

Urolithiasis

Uroliths

A

magnesium-ammonium-phosphate (struvit) = most common
+ Ca phosphate, Mg carbonate, Ca carbonate, silica, Ca oxalate
• stone formation: kidney (bladder)
• accumulation within the bladder
• urethral obstruction

28
Q

Urolithiasis

Pathogenesis

A
  • (++) grain, i.e. minerals, (- -) water ® (++) saturated urine
  • effect of pH (crystal formation, stability of protective colloids)
  • nidus formation: inflammation (adenovirus, bacteria)

vitamin A deficiency, estrogens (synchronization, clover)→precipitation of solutes→sand, stone formation

29
Q

Urolithiasis

Consequences

A
  • hydronephrosis, pyelitis, cystitis

* urethral obstruction, bladder rupture

30
Q

Urolithiasis

Clinical signs

A

• Maybe silent or can occur with abdominal pain
• Signs of cystitis ( several animals affected )
• Signs of urethral obstruction:
o sudden colic, dysuria, stranguria, hematuria, cristals on preputium,
o sign of urethral dilatation in bulls at the perineum
• Rupture of the urethra: infiltration with urine: abdomen, perineum→uremia→death
• Rupture of the bladder: uroperitoneum→uremia, +-/ undulation, abdominocentesis

31
Q

Urolithiasis

Diagnosis

A

• clinical signs, catheterization, bladder ultrasonography

32
Q

Urolithiasis

Treatment

A
  • obstruction→surgery or slaughter for salvage (spasmolytics might be tried in partial obstruction)
  • to dissolve struvit (?!): NH4Cl (10 g/sheep) per os (for flocks 1% of DM)

Farm Animal Medicine Final (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions