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Farm Animal Medicine Final > 8. Neurological diseases in cattle > Flashcards

8. Neurological diseases in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseases

Occurrence

A
  • encephalopathies: rare

* myelopathies: extremely rare

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2
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseases

Treatment

A

rarely successful

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3
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseases

Prognosis

A

unfavourable to poor

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4
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseases

Control

A
  • elimination of the disease
  • measures for epidemic control
  • prevention
  • prevention of zoonoses
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5
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseasess

Grouping of neurological disorder

A
  1. Congenital 2. Viral
  2. Prion
  3. Bacterial 5. Parasitic
  4. Metabolic
  5. Miscellenous
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6
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

A

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia
Lysosomal storage diseases (inherited)
Other degenerative diseases

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7
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

A

• Hydrocephalus:
o geneticalorigin
o can be inherited intrauterine virus infection o bluetonguevirusinlambs
o Akabane virus in calves
• Cerebellar hypoplasia ( + pons + cortex + optic nerves )
o genetical origin ( can be inherited )
o intrauterineBVDinfection

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8
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

Clinical signs

A
  • ” stillbirth” or perinatal death
  • depression, blindness, paralysis
    • domed cranium, protruded eyes, nystagmus
  • recumbency or attempts of incoordinated movements
  • extended neck and legs
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9
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

Differential diagnosis:

A

• acquired form: A hypovitaminosis, infectious, nutritional diseases

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10
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Lysosomal storage diseases (inherited)

A 
Storage (accumulation) of metabolites:
• gangliosides
• sphyngomyelin • lipofuscine
• glucoproteins
→atrophy of neurons, necrosis
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11
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Lysosomal storage diseases (inherited)

Characteristics

A
  • young lambs, calves fatal outcome
  • in small breeds inherited lysosomal hydrolase enzyme deficiencies
  • chronic, progressive cerebral - myeloid symptoms
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12
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Other degenerative diseases

A

• Inherited cerebellar dystrophy (suffolk sheep) ataxia
• Bovine progressive ataxia: Charolais motoric disturbances (oligodendroglial dysplasia)
• Hypomyelogenesis (jersey, hereford, shorthorn, cattle; lambs) muscle tremors, ataxia,
paralysis
• Cerebral edema, edema of the neurons motoric disturbances, spasmophilia

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13
Q

Viral neurological diseases

A 
➢ Rabies -> must inform local state vet
➢ Aujeszky’s disease
➢ Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)
➢ Bovine malignant catarrh
➢ Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
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14
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Source of infection

A

fox
cat
dog

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15
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Incubation period

A

2 weeks - 4 months

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16
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Course of disease

A

3 - 4 (6) days

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17
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Clinical signs / Cattle

A
  • Abnormal behaviour: attacking violently people, other animals, objects
  • Hypersexuality, colic - like behaviour
  • Loud, hoarse, donkey-like bellowing -> most typical CS for cattle
  • Signs of bulbar paralysis
  • Ascending paralysis of the limbs
  • Danger of human infection!→untreatable in humans
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18
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Clinical signs / Sheep, Goat

A

Sheep
• Can occur in a number of animals
• Patient can be quiet and anorectic, excessive bleating is rare

Goat
• Most goats are aggressive
• Bleating is common

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19
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Stage

A
  • Prodromal stage in rabies -> oestrus like behaviour
  • Excitatory stage in rabies -> Donkey-like roaring
  • Paralytic stage in rabies
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20
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Diagnosis

A
  • History
  • Clinical signs
  • Course
  • Histology
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21
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Aujeszky’s disease

Etiology

A

PHV 1 (from pigs or rodents)

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22
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Aujeszky’s disease

Incubation

A

2-6 days, Sudden onset

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23
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Aujeszky’s disease

Course

A

1-2 (3) days

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24
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Aujeszky’s disease

Clinical signs

A
  • High fever: 41-41,5 °C
  • Tachypnea, dyspnea
  • Excitation, shivering
  • Paresthesia, automutilation
  • Convulsions
  • +/- Bellowing
  • Paralysis, recumbency
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25
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)

Cause

A

flavivirus

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26
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)

Occurrrence

A

sheep, occasionally other animals and humans

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27
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)

Clinical signs

A

• can be inapparent
• acute course: hypersensitivity, tremor, rigidity of the muscles and
• incoordination, stiff movements and bounding gait
= louping ill

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28
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Bovine malignant catarrh

Cause / Pathology

A

Cause: herpesvirus

Pathology: rhinitis/sinusitis meningitis, encephalitis

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29
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Cause / Pathology

A

Cause: BHV 1

Pathology: encephalitis in 5-25% of infected calves

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30
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

A

➢ Scrapie

➢ Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

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31
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

Scrapie

Occurrence and cause

A
  • sheep and goats
  • slow virus, non - conventional virus,
  • Proteinaceous Infectious particle = Prion (Prp)
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32
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

Scrapie

Clinical signs

A
  • long incubation period (> 4-12 months)
  • chronic, progressive course: 2-6 months→death
  • sensorial and motoric disturbances
  • scraping irritation of the skin→automutilation
  • weight loss → cachexia
  • paralysis → (downer syndrome)
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33
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Occurrence

A
  • cattle

* mainly in UK, some other European countries: Switzerland)

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34
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Cause

A

prion of scrapie

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35
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Source

A

sheep meat and bone meal

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36
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Incubation period

A

3-(5) years

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37
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Course

A

2-6 months, chronic, wasting nature→death

2 weeks-1 year

38
Q

Neurological diseases caused by prions

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

“mad cow” disease

A
  • apprehensive behaviour, hyperaesthesia, ataxia, weight loss
  • human infection, Creutzfeldt - Jakob syndrome
39
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

A

➢ Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis
➢ Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)
➢ Listeriosis (silage disease)
➢ Chlamydial encephalomyelitis

40
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis

Pyogen bacteria

A
  • local spread (e.g. horn fracture) or haematogenous spread

* disseminated or diffuse inflammation; brain abscess

41
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis

Diffuse process

A

fast course, (high) fever, severe depression, “pushing syndrome”, spasm, ataxia,
coma, recumbency

42
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis

Focal process

A

slow(er) course, focal symptoms, progression

43
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis

Problems of treatment

A

pour prognosis, high costs, slaughter restrictions

44
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

Cause

A
  • Haemophilus somnus (+ predisposing factors)→(decreased general resistance)
  • necrotic foci brain, spinal cord
  • morbidity: 90 %
  • mortality: 10 %
45
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

Clinical signs

A
  • fever, depression, apathy
  • tetraparesis, convulsions, strabismus,
  • somnolence, coma („sleeper/sleeping disease “)
  • sometimes fast course: coma, death
46
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

Treatment

A

in early stage sulphonamides, antibiotics might help

47
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Listeriosis (silage disease)

Cause

A

Listeria monocytogenes (+ predisposing factors)

48
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Listeriosis (silage disease)

Occurrence

A
  • mainly in sheep,
  • winter, crowded stables
  • pyogenic foci in the brain stem
  • corresponding symptoms
49
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Listeriosis (silage disease)

Control

A

environment, food (move to pasture)

50
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Listeriosis (silage disease)

Treatment

A

very challenging, fluid therapy, antibiotics
Unilateral
facial paralysis
vestibular paralysis

51
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Chlamydial encephalomyelitis

Incubation

A

4 days - 4 weeks

52
Q

Bacterial neurological diseases

Chlamydial encephalomyelitis

Clinical signs

A
  • Fever
  • respiratory signs
  • CNS symptoms
53
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

A

➢ Coenurosis (Gid, stardy)
➢ Oestrosis (Nasal bots)
➢ Hypodermosis

54
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Coenurosis (Gid, stardy)

Cause

A

Taenia multiceps

55
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Coenurosis (Gid, stardy)

Clinical signs

A
  • traumatic encephalitis due to migrating larvae
  • general cerebral signs
    • focal cortical atrophy due to the cyst:
  • focal symptoms→blindness in one eye, head pressing,
  • deviation of the head, circling, ataxia
56
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Coenurosis (Gid, stardy)

Treatment

A

maybe surgical for expensive animals

57
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Coenurosis (Gid, stardy)

Control

A

deworming program of dogs, do not feed dogs with carcasses of infested livestock

58
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Oestrosis (Nasal bots)

Cause

A

Oestrus ovis

59
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Oestrosis (Nasal bots)

Clinical signs

A
  • leading symptoms of rhinitis
  • seldom: meningitis + cortical abscesses
  • (secondary bacterial infection)
60
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Oestrosis (Nasal bots)

Treatment

A

insecticides e.g. closantel, ivermectin

61
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Hypodermosis (Hypoderma spp. infestation, warble flees)

Cause

A

Hypoderma bovis, H. lineatum( + Dermatobia hominis )

62
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Hypodermosis (Hypoderma spp. infestation, warble flees)

Clinical signs

A
  • leading symptoms: skin laesions (grubs in cysts)
  • seldom: migration into the brain encephalitis
    • /- often: involvement of the spinal cord: sudden posterior paralysis
63
Q

Neurological diseases caused by parasites

Hypodermosis (Hypoderma spp. infestation, warble flees)

Treatment

A

organophosphate insecticide

64
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

A

➢ Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency
➢ Cerebrocorticalis necrosis (CCN, polioencephalomalacia)
➢ Copper deficinecy (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback)

65
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency

Occurrence

A
  • beef (feedlot) cattle,
  • pregnant cows and sheep on dry grasses,
  • pasture with pour roughage during drought; presence of unsaturated fatty acids, peroxides
66
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency

Sequels

A
  • rhodopsin deficiency lack of regeneration of visual purple: hemeralopia ( “night blindness” )
  • osteopathy: narowing of foramen ovale blindness
  • overcrowding of the cranial cavity encephalopathy
  • impaired absorption of CSF syncope, convulsions
  • demyelinisation of periferial nerve roots: paralysis
67
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency

Treatment

A

Vitamin A injection + peroral supplementation

68
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

Cerebrocorticalis necrosis (CCN, polioencephalomalacia)

A

A) CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need)

B) CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide)

69
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need)

Occurence

A

• ++ grain and – fiber = low tiamine synthesis
• tiaminase effect
o Cl. sporogenes, B. aneurinolyticus
o tiaminase -plants (pl. Pteridium
esculentum )
o molasses + urea + low fiber

70
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need)

Low tiamine consequences

A

Rumen→blood: ++ lactic acid and piruvate Transketolase enzyme in erythrocyte and brain (< 40 %)
– oxidation of glucose(pentose phosfate route)
– ATP in brain (astrocytes)
( + lactic acid accumulation)
intracellular edema, neuronal degeneration
cerebralis oedema
corticalis necrosis
polioencephalomalacia

71
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need)

Treatment

A

(can be promising in standing animals)
• high doses of vitamin B1 (thiamine): 10 mg/kg iv., 5 times in 3 hours (when responding) in (6% ) glucose solution
• + peroral thiamine hydrochloride, or thiamine propyldisulfide therapy

72
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need)

Control

A

(intramuscular) or peroral thiamine ( yeast ) supplementation

73
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide)

Occurrence

A

in cattle on high sulphate containing food / water
(inorganic sulphate salts = gypsum, plans e.g. kochia, molasse-urea)
(normal S in food: 0,8 - 1 g/kg in molasses, in water: 0,25 g/kg)
if 3,5 g/kg: anorexia, loss of “performance”

74
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide)

Predisposing factors

A
  • Rumen: (++) carbohydrate, (–) roughage: inadequate microbial activity: (++) H2S
  • Liver: impaired H2S detoxication due to liver disorders ?
  • Airways: H2S inhalation (?), + (– ) thiamine and / ++ / H2S in rumen
75
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide)

Sequels

A

• S→H2S cerebral necrosis in cortex, thalamus, corpus striatum→impaired behaviour, blindness, ataxia

76
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide)

Treatment and control

A

thiamine has protective effect change of feed/water

77
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

Copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback)

Occurrence

A
  • primary, secondary (++) demand)
  • nervous disorders especially in sheep: pregnant ewes lambs
  • (–) Cu, (–) phospholipid synthesis, anoxia
78
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

Copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback)

Sequels

A
  • demyelinisation cerebrum, (cortex cavitation)
  • cerebellar hypoplasia
  • spinal chord lesions
79
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

Copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback)

Clinical signs

A
  • Postnatal acute swayback: sudden recumbency, death

* Enzootic ataxia: ataxia, incoordination, atrophy of the hindquarters

80
Q

Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems

Copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback)

Spasms / convulsions, and coma of metabolic origin

A
  • Mg deficiency: hypomagnesemic tetany
  • Ca deficiency: hypocalcaemia, parturient paresis, milk fever
  • Ketosis: nervous form
  • Hepatic coma: lipid mobilisation syndrome
81
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

A

➢ Tetanus
➢ Butolism
➢ Mycotoxins

82
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Tetanus

A
  • Rare in ruminants (cattle less sensitive than horses and small ruminants)
  • similar to other animals + bloat
  • details see at horses
83
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Botulismus (botulism)

Cause

A

• Cl. botulinum (by ingestion or toxoinfectious botulism)

84
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Botulismus (botulism)

Source of “infection”

A
  • carcasses (e.g. rodents, cats, birds) in haystacks
  • ensilage pits
  • grain storage
  • sometimes contaminated water
85
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Botulismus (botulism)

Sequels

A

• neurotoxin impaired acetylcholine secretion prohibited neuromusc. impulse transmission true flaccid paralysis

86
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Botulismus (botulism)

Clinical signs

A

3 - 17 days after toxin exposure, often on herd level

• peracute course is rare: sudden recumbency and death (sub)acute course:
o anxciety, “incoordination”, “ataxia”, stumbling, knuckling, inability to rise the head
and tail, normal sensorium
o sternal recumbency, overall flaccid paralysis: head, neck, tail, tongue, dysphagia
o secondary constipation, abdominal type respiration

87
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Botulismus (botulism)

Diagnosis

A
  • history, flaccid paralysis,
  • no fever, retained sensation and consciousness
  • detection of toxin (serum, feces, rumen fluid) via
  • mouse inoculation test (can be false negative), serology
88
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Botulismus (botulism)

Differential diagnosis

A

rabies (!!!), poisonings (e.g. lead), tetanus, metabolic diseases with coma (or convulsions)

89
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Botulismus (botulism)

A

questionable outcome

  • antitoxin serum (expensive, questionable effect), rather in horses
  • artificial feeding ( iv. infusion) via nasogastric tube
  • purgatives to remove toxins
  • nervous system stimulants, e.g. neostigmine
  • toxoinfectious botulism: surgical drainage, penicillin, antiserum
90
Q

Miscellaneous neurological disorders

Botulismus (botulism)

Control

A
  • elimination of source of toxins

* immunization with toxoid

Farm Animal Medicine Final (61 decks)

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