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Farm Animal Medicine Final > 8. Neurological diseases in cattle > Flashcards

8. Neurological diseases in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseases

Occurrence

A
  • encephalopathies: rare

* myelopathies: extremely rare

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2
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseases

Treatment

A

rarely successful

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3
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseases

Prognosis

A

unfavourable to poor

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4
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseases

Control

A
  • elimination of the disease
  • measures for epidemic control
  • prevention
  • prevention of zoonoses
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5
Q

General information on ruminant neurological diseasess

Grouping of neurological disorder

A
  1. Congenital 2. Viral
  2. Prion
  3. Bacterial 5. Parasitic
  4. Metabolic
  5. Miscellenous
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6
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

A

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia
Lysosomal storage diseases (inherited)
Other degenerative diseases

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7
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

A

• Hydrocephalus:
o geneticalorigin
o can be inherited intrauterine virus infection o bluetonguevirusinlambs
o Akabane virus in calves
• Cerebellar hypoplasia ( + pons + cortex + optic nerves )
o genetical origin ( can be inherited )
o intrauterineBVDinfection

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8
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

Clinical signs

A
  • ” stillbirth” or perinatal death
  • depression, blindness, paralysis
    • domed cranium, protruded eyes, nystagmus
  • recumbency or attempts of incoordinated movements
  • extended neck and legs
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9
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

Differential diagnosis:

A

• acquired form: A hypovitaminosis, infectious, nutritional diseases

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10
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Lysosomal storage diseases (inherited)

A 
Storage (accumulation) of metabolites:
• gangliosides
• sphyngomyelin • lipofuscine
• glucoproteins
→atrophy of neurons, necrosis
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11
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Lysosomal storage diseases (inherited)

Characteristics

A
  • young lambs, calves fatal outcome
  • in small breeds inherited lysosomal hydrolase enzyme deficiencies
  • chronic, progressive cerebral - myeloid symptoms
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12
Q

Congenital neurological diseases

Other degenerative diseases

A

• Inherited cerebellar dystrophy (suffolk sheep) ataxia
• Bovine progressive ataxia: Charolais motoric disturbances (oligodendroglial dysplasia)
• Hypomyelogenesis (jersey, hereford, shorthorn, cattle; lambs) muscle tremors, ataxia,
paralysis
• Cerebral edema, edema of the neurons motoric disturbances, spasmophilia

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13
Q

Viral neurological diseases

A 
➢ Rabies -> must inform local state vet
➢ Aujeszky’s disease
➢ Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)
➢ Bovine malignant catarrh
➢ Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
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14
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Source of infection

A

fox
cat
dog

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15
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Incubation period

A

2 weeks - 4 months

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16
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Course of disease

A

3 - 4 (6) days

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17
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Clinical signs / Cattle

A
  • Abnormal behaviour: attacking violently people, other animals, objects
  • Hypersexuality, colic - like behaviour
  • Loud, hoarse, donkey-like bellowing -> most typical CS for cattle
  • Signs of bulbar paralysis
  • Ascending paralysis of the limbs
  • Danger of human infection!→untreatable in humans
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18
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Clinical signs / Sheep, Goat

A

Sheep
• Can occur in a number of animals
• Patient can be quiet and anorectic, excessive bleating is rare

Goat
• Most goats are aggressive
• Bleating is common

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19
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Stage

A
  • Prodromal stage in rabies -> oestrus like behaviour
  • Excitatory stage in rabies -> Donkey-like roaring
  • Paralytic stage in rabies
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20
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Rabies

Diagnosis

A
  • History
  • Clinical signs
  • Course
  • Histology
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21
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Aujeszky’s disease

Etiology

A

PHV 1 (from pigs or rodents)

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22
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Aujeszky’s disease

Incubation

A

2-6 days, Sudden onset

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23
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Aujeszky’s disease

Course

A

1-2 (3) days

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24
Q

Viral neurological diseases

Aujeszky’s disease

Clinical signs

A
  • High fever: 41-41,5 °C
  • Tachypnea, dyspnea
  • Excitation, shivering
  • Paresthesia, automutilation
  • Convulsions
  • +/- Bellowing
  • Paralysis, recumbency
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25
Viral neurological diseases Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis) Cause
flavivirus
26
Viral neurological diseases Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis) Occurrrence
sheep, occasionally other animals and humans
27
Viral neurological diseases Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis) Clinical signs
• can be inapparent • acute course: hypersensitivity, tremor, rigidity of the muscles and • incoordination, stiff movements and bounding gait = louping ill
28
Viral neurological diseases Bovine malignant catarrh Cause / Pathology
Cause: herpesvirus Pathology: rhinitis/sinusitis meningitis, encephalitis
29
Viral neurological diseases Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Cause / Pathology
Cause: BHV 1 Pathology: encephalitis in 5-25% of infected calves
30
Neurological diseases caused by prions
➢ Scrapie | ➢ Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
31
Neurological diseases caused by prions Scrapie Occurrence and cause
* sheep and goats * slow virus, non - conventional virus, * Proteinaceous Infectious particle = Prion (Prp)
32
Neurological diseases caused by prions Scrapie Clinical signs
* long incubation period (> 4-12 months) * chronic, progressive course: 2-6 months→death * sensorial and motoric disturbances * scraping irritation of the skin→automutilation * weight loss → cachexia * paralysis → (downer syndrome)
33
Neurological diseases caused by prions Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Occurrence
* cattle | * mainly in UK, some other European countries: Switzerland)
34
Neurological diseases caused by prions Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Cause
prion of scrapie
35
Neurological diseases caused by prions Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Source
sheep meat and bone meal
36
Neurological diseases caused by prions Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Incubation period
3-(5) years
37
Neurological diseases caused by prions Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Course
2-6 months, chronic, wasting nature→death | 2 weeks-1 year
38
Neurological diseases caused by prions Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) "mad cow" disease
* apprehensive behaviour, hyperaesthesia, ataxia, weight loss * human infection, Creutzfeldt - Jakob syndrome
39
Bacterial neurological diseases
➢ Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis ➢ Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) ➢ Listeriosis (silage disease) ➢ Chlamydial encephalomyelitis
40
Bacterial neurological diseases Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis Pyogen bacteria
* local spread (e.g. horn fracture) or haematogenous spread | * disseminated or diffuse inflammation; brain abscess
41
Bacterial neurological diseases Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis Diffuse process
fast course, (high) fever, severe depression, "pushing syndrome", spasm, ataxia, coma, recumbency
42
Bacterial neurological diseases Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis Focal process
slow(er) course, focal symptoms, progression
43
Bacterial neurological diseases Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, - myelitis Problems of treatment
pour prognosis, high costs, slaughter restrictions
44
Bacterial neurological diseases Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) Cause
* Haemophilus somnus (+ predisposing factors)→(decreased general resistance) * necrotic foci brain, spinal cord * morbidity: 90 % * mortality: 10 %
45
Bacterial neurological diseases Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) Clinical signs
* fever, depression, apathy * tetraparesis, convulsions, strabismus, * somnolence, coma („sleeper/sleeping disease ") * sometimes fast course: coma, death
46
Bacterial neurological diseases Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) Treatment
in early stage sulphonamides, antibiotics might help
47
Bacterial neurological diseases Listeriosis (silage disease) Cause
Listeria monocytogenes (+ predisposing factors)
48
Bacterial neurological diseases Listeriosis (silage disease) Occurrence
* mainly in sheep, * winter, crowded stables * pyogenic foci in the brain stem * corresponding symptoms
49
Bacterial neurological diseases Listeriosis (silage disease) Control
environment, food (move to pasture)
50
Bacterial neurological diseases Listeriosis (silage disease) Treatment
very challenging, fluid therapy, antibiotics Unilateral facial paralysis vestibular paralysis
51
Bacterial neurological diseases Chlamydial encephalomyelitis Incubation
4 days - 4 weeks
52
Bacterial neurological diseases Chlamydial encephalomyelitis Clinical signs
* Fever * respiratory signs * CNS symptoms
53
Neurological diseases caused by parasites
➢ Coenurosis (Gid, stardy) ➢ Oestrosis (Nasal bots) ➢ Hypodermosis
54
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Coenurosis (Gid, stardy) Cause
Taenia multiceps
55
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Coenurosis (Gid, stardy) Clinical signs
* traumatic encephalitis due to migrating larvae * general cerebral signs * + focal cortical atrophy due to the cyst: * focal symptoms→blindness in one eye, head pressing, * deviation of the head, circling, ataxia
56
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Coenurosis (Gid, stardy) Treatment
maybe surgical for expensive animals
57
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Coenurosis (Gid, stardy) Control
deworming program of dogs, do not feed dogs with carcasses of infested livestock
58
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Oestrosis (Nasal bots) Cause
Oestrus ovis
59
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Oestrosis (Nasal bots) Clinical signs
* leading symptoms of rhinitis * seldom: meningitis + cortical abscesses * (secondary bacterial infection)
60
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Oestrosis (Nasal bots) Treatment
insecticides e.g. closantel, ivermectin
61
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Hypodermosis (Hypoderma spp. infestation, warble flees) Cause
Hypoderma bovis, H. lineatum( + Dermatobia hominis )
62
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Hypodermosis (Hypoderma spp. infestation, warble flees) Clinical signs
* leading symptoms: skin laesions (grubs in cysts) * seldom: migration into the brain encephalitis * + /- often: involvement of the spinal cord: sudden posterior paralysis
63
Neurological diseases caused by parasites Hypodermosis (Hypoderma spp. infestation, warble flees) Treatment
organophosphate insecticide
64
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems
➢ Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency ➢ Cerebrocorticalis necrosis (CCN, polioencephalomalacia) ➢ Copper deficinecy (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback)
65
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency Occurrence
* beef (feedlot) cattle, * pregnant cows and sheep on dry grasses, * pasture with pour roughage during drought; presence of unsaturated fatty acids, peroxides
66
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency Sequels
* rhodopsin deficiency lack of regeneration of visual purple: hemeralopia ( "night blindness" ) * osteopathy: narowing of foramen ovale blindness * overcrowding of the cranial cavity encephalopathy * impaired absorption of CSF syncope, convulsions * demyelinisation of periferial nerve roots: paralysis
67
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency Treatment
Vitamin A injection + peroral supplementation
68
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems Cerebrocorticalis necrosis (CCN, polioencephalomalacia)
A) CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need) B) CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide)
69
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need) Occurence
• ++ grain and – fiber = low tiamine synthesis • tiaminase effect o Cl. sporogenes, B. aneurinolyticus o tiaminase -plants (pl. Pteridium esculentum ) o molasses + urea + low fiber
70
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need) Low tiamine consequences
Rumen→blood: ++ lactic acid and piruvate Transketolase enzyme in erythrocyte and brain (< 40 %) -- oxidation of glucose(pentose phosfate route) -- ATP in brain (astrocytes) ( + lactic acid accumulation) intracellular edema, neuronal degeneration cerebralis oedema corticalis necrosis polioencephalomalacia
71
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need) Treatment
(can be promising in standing animals) • high doses of vitamin B1 (thiamine): 10 mg/kg iv., 5 times in 3 hours (when responding) in (6% ) glucose solution • + peroral thiamine hydrochloride, or thiamine propyldisulfide therapy
72
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems CCN is a consequence of the loss of tiamine (low input and/or higher need) Control
(intramuscular) or peroral thiamine ( yeast ) supplementation
73
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide) Occurrence
in cattle on high sulphate containing food / water (inorganic sulphate salts = gypsum, plans e.g. kochia, molasse-urea) (normal S in food: 0,8 - 1 g/kg in molasses, in water: 0,25 g/kg) if 3,5 g/kg: anorexia, loss of "performance"
74
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide) Predisposing factors
* Rumen: (++) carbohydrate, (--) roughage: inadequate microbial activity: (++) H2S * Liver: impaired H2S detoxication due to liver disorders ? * Airways: H2S inhalation (?), + (-- ) thiamine and / ++ / H2S in rumen
75
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide) Sequels
• S→H2S cerebral necrosis in cortex, thalamus, corpus striatum→impaired behaviour, blindness, ataxia
76
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems CCN due to H2S (hydrogen sulphide) Treatment and control
thiamine has protective effect change of feed/water
77
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems Copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback) Occurrence
* primary, secondary (++) demand) * nervous disorders especially in sheep: pregnant ewes lambs * (--) Cu, (--) phospholipid synthesis, anoxia
78
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems Copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback) Sequels
* demyelinisation cerebrum, (cortex cavitation) * cerebellar hypoplasia * spinal chord lesions
79
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems Copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback) Clinical signs
* Postnatal acute swayback: sudden recumbency, death | * Enzootic ataxia: ataxia, incoordination, atrophy of the hindquarters
80
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems Copper deficiency (enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback) Spasms / convulsions, and coma of metabolic origin
* Mg deficiency: hypomagnesemic tetany * Ca deficiency: hypocalcaemia, parturient paresis, milk fever * Ketosis: nervous form * Hepatic coma: lipid mobilisation syndrome
81
Miscellaneous neurological disorders
➢ Tetanus ➢ Butolism ➢ Mycotoxins
82
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Tetanus
* Rare in ruminants (cattle less sensitive than horses and small ruminants) * similar to other animals + bloat * details see at horses
83
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Botulismus (botulism) Cause
• Cl. botulinum (by ingestion or toxoinfectious botulism)
84
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Botulismus (botulism) Source of "infection"
* carcasses (e.g. rodents, cats, birds) in haystacks * ensilage pits * grain storage * sometimes contaminated water
85
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Botulismus (botulism) Sequels
• neurotoxin impaired acetylcholine secretion prohibited neuromusc. impulse transmission true flaccid paralysis
86
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Botulismus (botulism) Clinical signs
3 - 17 days after toxin exposure, often on herd level • peracute course is rare: sudden recumbency and death (sub)acute course: o anxciety, "incoordination", "ataxia", stumbling, knuckling, inability to rise the head and tail, normal sensorium o sternal recumbency, overall flaccid paralysis: head, neck, tail, tongue, dysphagia o secondary constipation, abdominal type respiration
87
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Botulismus (botulism) Diagnosis
* history, flaccid paralysis, * no fever, retained sensation and consciousness * detection of toxin (serum, feces, rumen fluid) via * mouse inoculation test (can be false negative), serology
88
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Botulismus (botulism) Differential diagnosis
rabies (!!!), poisonings (e.g. lead), tetanus, metabolic diseases with coma (or convulsions)
89
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Botulismus (botulism)
questionable outcome * antitoxin serum (expensive, questionable effect), rather in horses * artificial feeding ( iv. infusion) via nasogastric tube * purgatives to remove toxins * nervous system stimulants, e.g. neostigmine * toxoinfectious botulism: surgical drainage, penicillin, antiserum
90
Miscellaneous neurological disorders Botulismus (botulism) Control
* elimination of source of toxins | * immunization with toxoid

Farm Animal Medicine Final (61 decks)

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