Lp 76

Question 1

Absence of menstruation

Answer 1

Amenorrhea

Question 2

1st amenorrhea?

Answer 2

-no onset by age 14 & absence of 2nd sex characteristics
-no onset by age 16

Question 3

Causes of 1st amenorrhea

Answer 3

-underdeveloped ovaries
-ovarian defects
-hormonal imbalances of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

Question 4

2nd amenorrhea?

Answer 4

-menstruation stops for >6 months in females who have regular menstrual cycles

Question 5

Causes of 2nd amenorrhea?

Answer 5

-uterine adhesions
-infections
-anorexia nervosa
-excessive physical exertion
-dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary- ovarian axis

Question 6

Is a state rather than a pathology which manifests w/ px/ discomfort during menstruation

Answer 6

Dysmenorrhea

Question 7

-not associated w/abnormality or pathology
-usually starts 6months- 2 yrs after menarche
Sx: 1-2 days before menses, subside w/in several hours to several days, pn is full, lower abdominal aching/cramping, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness

Answer 7

1st dysmenorrhea

Question 8

-d/t conditions that predispose to menstrual pn
-causes: endometriosis, uterine fibroids, PID, pelvic adhesions, IUD
-sx: similar to 1st

Answer 8

2nd Dysmenorrhea

Question 9

A cluster of physical or psychological sx which occur 3-14 days preceding menstruation and relieved by onset of menses
-effects 80% of adult females; increase w/age

Answer 9

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Question 10

pMS sx

Answer 10

-painful, swollen breasts
-bloating, edema, weight gain
-abdominal pn
-headache, backache
-depression, anxiety, irritability, behaviour changes
-sometimes peculiar motor fxn changes

Question 11

PMS etiology?

Answer 11

-endocrine imbalances
-decrease vitamin B6

Question 12

-psychiatric diagnosis
-sx’s interfere significantly w/ADL

Answer 12

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Question 13

Disorder in which endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites:
-ovaries, pelvis, vagina, intestines
-rarely found in nostrils, umbilicus, lungs, limbs

Answer 13

Endometriosis

Question 14

-most common cancer of female pelvis
-more common b/w ages 55-65
-rare under 40
-risk factors: hormone imbalances, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, BCP use

Answer 14

Endometrial cancer

Question 15

Early sx/warning signs for endometrial cancer

Answer 15

Abnormal painless bleeding

Question 16

Late signs/sx’s endometrial cancer

Answer 16

-cramping/ pelvis discomfort
-lower abdominal P
-post- coital bleeding
-enlarged lymph nodes

Question 17

-benign smooth m neoplasms
-aka leiomyomas or myomas
-most common pelvic tumour
-often detected by pelvic exam
-generally asymptomatic

Answer 17

Uterine fibroids

Question 18

-common lesion in all ages
-highest incidence in reproductive years
-benign tissue mass that may predispose to cancer: usually asymptomatic & sometimes post-coital bleeding
-generally removed & examined

Answer 18

Cervical polyps

Question 19

-readily detected & curable
-considered a sexually transmitted disease
-slow growing cancer (5yr survival rate=70%)

Answer 19

Cervical cancer

Question 20

-most common ovarian tumour
-most=benign
-often symptomatic
-may cause bleeding &/or aching sensation on affected side
-usually regress spontaneously
-fluid-filled sac/pocket w/in or on surface of an ovary
-may rupture= excessive pain

Answer 20

Ovarian cysts

Question 21

-2nd most common female genitourinary cancer
-most lethal: difficult to detect & often metastasizes before discovery
-mostly 65-84 yrs of age (lower in woman w/many children)

Answer 21

Ovarian cancer

Question 22

-inflammation of upper reproductive tract
-bacterial infection
-considered and STI
-bacteria travel up vagina to uterus
-greater risk during menstruation (cervix is dilated)

Answer 22

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Question 23

Pelvic inflammatory disease factors & sx

Answer 23

Factors: age 16-24, multiple sex partners & IUD

Sx: lower abdominal pn, purulent tissue cervical discharge & extremely painful cervix

Question 24

-fertilized ovum implants elsewhere than uterus
-most common site: Fallopian tubes
-causes: decrease Fallopian tube motility & narrowed lumen
-tube ruptures, or pregnancy aborts spontaneously

Answer 24

Ectopic pregnancy

Question 25

Ectopic pregnancy factors & sx

Answer 25

Factors: PID, tubal ligation/reversal, infertility, fertility drugs, previous ectopic pregnancy

Sx: lower abdominal discomfort, progression to severe pn, amenorrhea, referred shoulder pn

Question 26

-insufficient placental blood supply, decrease O2 to fetus
-10% of pregnancies
-correlation w/no. Of fetal cells in maternal circulation

Answer 26

Preeclampsia

Question 27

-separation b-w the L & R side of rectus abdominis
-multiple births increase risk
-appears as a ridge from xiphoid to umbilicus (increase w/m straining)

Answer 27

Diastasis recti

Question 28

-surgical removal of uterus
-may involve removal of cervix, ovaries, Fallopian tubes & other surround structures
-total (aka complete) removal of body, fundus & cervix
-partial (aka supracerival) removal of uterine body, leaving cervix intact

Answer 28

Hysterectomy

Question 29

Removal of ovaries
-frequently done with hysterectomy to decrease risk of ovarian cancer

Answer 29

Oophorectomy

Question 30

Refers to surgical removal of Fallopian tube

Answer 30

Salpingectomy