Lp 76 Flashcards
Absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea
1st amenorrhea?
-no onset by age 14 & absence of 2nd sex characteristics
-no onset by age 16
Causes of 1st amenorrhea
-underdeveloped ovaries
-ovarian defects
-hormonal imbalances of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
2nd amenorrhea?
-menstruation stops for >6 months in females who have regular menstrual cycles
Causes of 2nd amenorrhea?
-uterine adhesions
-infections
-anorexia nervosa
-excessive physical exertion
-dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary- ovarian axis
Is a state rather than a pathology which manifests w/ px/ discomfort during menstruation
Dysmenorrhea
-not associated w/abnormality or pathology
-usually starts 6months- 2 yrs after menarche
Sx: 1-2 days before menses, subside w/in several hours to several days, pn is full, lower abdominal aching/cramping, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness
1st dysmenorrhea
-d/t conditions that predispose to menstrual pn
-causes: endometriosis, uterine fibroids, PID, pelvic adhesions, IUD
-sx: similar to 1st
2nd Dysmenorrhea
A cluster of physical or psychological sx which occur 3-14 days preceding menstruation and relieved by onset of menses
-effects 80% of adult females; increase w/age
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
pMS sx
-painful, swollen breasts
-bloating, edema, weight gain
-abdominal pn
-headache, backache
-depression, anxiety, irritability, behaviour changes
-sometimes peculiar motor fxn changes
PMS etiology?
-endocrine imbalances
-decrease vitamin B6
-psychiatric diagnosis
-sx’s interfere significantly w/ADL
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Disorder in which endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites:
-ovaries, pelvis, vagina, intestines
-rarely found in nostrils, umbilicus, lungs, limbs
Endometriosis
-most common cancer of female pelvis
-more common b/w ages 55-65
-rare under 40
-risk factors: hormone imbalances, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, BCP use
Endometrial cancer
Early sx/warning signs for endometrial cancer
Abnormal painless bleeding
Late signs/sx’s endometrial cancer
-cramping/ pelvis discomfort
-lower abdominal P
-post- coital bleeding
-enlarged lymph nodes
-benign smooth m neoplasms
-aka leiomyomas or myomas
-most common pelvic tumour
-often detected by pelvic exam
-generally asymptomatic
Uterine fibroids
-common lesion in all ages
-highest incidence in reproductive years
-benign tissue mass that may predispose to cancer: usually asymptomatic & sometimes post-coital bleeding
-generally removed & examined
Cervical polyps
-readily detected & curable
-considered a sexually transmitted disease
-slow growing cancer (5yr survival rate=70%)
Cervical cancer
-most common ovarian tumour
-most=benign
-often symptomatic
-may cause bleeding &/or aching sensation on affected side
-usually regress spontaneously
-fluid-filled sac/pocket w/in or on surface of an ovary
-may rupture= excessive pain
Ovarian cysts
-2nd most common female genitourinary cancer
-most lethal: difficult to detect & often metastasizes before discovery
-mostly 65-84 yrs of age (lower in woman w/many children)
Ovarian cancer
-inflammation of upper reproductive tract
-bacterial infection
-considered and STI
-bacteria travel up vagina to uterus
-greater risk during menstruation (cervix is dilated)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Pelvic inflammatory disease factors & sx
Factors: age 16-24, multiple sex partners & IUD
Sx: lower abdominal pn, purulent tissue cervical discharge & extremely painful cervix
-fertilized ovum implants elsewhere than uterus
-most common site: Fallopian tubes
-causes: decrease Fallopian tube motility & narrowed lumen
-tube ruptures, or pregnancy aborts spontaneously
Ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy factors & sx
Factors: PID, tubal ligation/reversal, infertility, fertility drugs, previous ectopic pregnancy
Sx: lower abdominal discomfort, progression to severe pn, amenorrhea, referred shoulder pn
-insufficient placental blood supply, decrease O2 to fetus
-10% of pregnancies
-correlation w/no. Of fetal cells in maternal circulation
Preeclampsia
-separation b-w the L & R side of rectus abdominis
-multiple births increase risk
-appears as a ridge from xiphoid to umbilicus (increase w/m straining)
Diastasis recti
-surgical removal of uterus
-may involve removal of cervix, ovaries, Fallopian tubes & other surround structures
-total (aka complete) removal of body, fundus & cervix
-partial (aka supracerival) removal of uterine body, leaving cervix intact
Hysterectomy
Removal of ovaries
-frequently done with hysterectomy to decrease risk of ovarian cancer
Oophorectomy
Refers to surgical removal of Fallopian tube
Salpingectomy
