Lp 70

Question 1

*any change in structure or response to suit a new environment?

Answer 1

Adaptation

Question 2

Adaptations are made at two levels?

Answer 2

-physiological: body systems increase or decrease activity to compensate for changes that threaten the integrity of the body

-psychological: behaviour modifications designed to w/stand stress

Question 3

Any factor that requires a response or change?

Answer 3

Stress

Question 4

Examples of stress

Answer 4

-emotional
-social
-economic

Question 5

Stressors can be?

Answer 5

-endogenous: produced inside the body

-exogenous: arise outside the body

-physical, psychological or sociological

Question 6

Responses to physiological stressors= specific, appropriate; body tried to correct
Ex?

Answer 6

-when your cold, we try to minimize heat loss…. Vasoconstriction
-inappropriate responses may occur d/t pathological processes

Question 7

Responses to psychological stressors=

Answer 7

Non-specific, may be inappropriate & prolonged, vary from person to person

Question 8

Concept of stress & stressor example ( stressor general?, stressor specific? & stress effect?)

Answer 8

Stressor general: physical effort
Stressor specific: sitting in front of a computer
Stress effect: sore neck, blurry eyes

Question 9

Factors determining nature f stress responses

Answer 9

-type of stressor
-person’s conditioning

Question 10

-describes the ability of the body to activate systems best able to resist a given stressor
-explains how sick people often manifest similar sx even when they suffer from different diseases

Answer 10

General adaptation syndrome

Question 11

General adaptation syndrome broken down definition?

Answer 11

General: general systemic reaction
Adaptive: reaction to a stressor
Syndrome: manifestations are coordinated & interdependent

Question 12

3 stages of stress response & its sx’s

Answer 12

-alarm: sympathetic & HPA activation
-resistance: recruitment of appropriate systems
-exhaustion: resources depleted; signs of wear & tear; possible systemic damage

Question 13

Physical sx’s reflect responses of various body systems?

Answer 13

-ANS
-endocrine
-musculoskeletal
-immune

Question 14

Integration of responses in CNS is complex & not well understood: structures interact along “stress pathways” what are the stress pathways?

Answer 14

-cerebral cortex: conscious behaviour, cognition, foused attention
-limbic system: emotional responses
-thalamus: relay & crude recognition of sensation
-hypothalamus: modulation of ANS & endocrine
-reticular formation: alertness, ANS activity, m tone

Question 15

-increase activity of m spindles & y motor neuron activity
-increase m tone
-mm tension often remains long after stressor is gone
-sx’s: H/A, back aches etc

Answer 15

Musculoskeletal response

Question 16

-increase SNS activity: fight-or-flight response
-basic survival response
-short term manifestations:
*increase BP, heart & respiratory rate
*sweaty hands & feet
*dilated pupils, dry mouth
*decrease activity; GI & urine output
*changes in blood flow;Twd vital organs- cold hands & feet

Answer 16

ANS response

Question 17

-activation of H-P-A (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis increases secretion of CRH- ACTH- release of cortisol (& aldosterone)
-cortisol effects- increases metabolic activity- maintains glucose by mobilizing FA’s & proteins for energy production
-aldosterone effects- retention of NA+ & water by kidneys- increase BP & blood volume

Answer 17

Endocrine response

Question 18

Chronic stress response d/t potentially life-threatening event?

Answer 18

-war
-rape
-child abuse
-disaster
-airplane crash
-terrorist bombings

Question 19

PTSD sx’s?

Answer 19

-intrusion: trauma is relived in flashbacks/nightmares
-avoidance: emotional numbing, disrupting important personal relationships
-hyperarousal: increase irritability, difficulty concentrating, exaggerated startle reflex, increase concern th safety.