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CR 2 > Lower respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

Lower respiratory tract infections Flashcards

1
Q

What groups does pneumonia occur more frequently in

A

Very old and very young

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2
Q

In what % of patients with pneumonia can no cause be identified?

A

40-60

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3
Q

Which nosocomial infection has the highest mortality

A

Pneumonia

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4
Q

Predisposing factors for hospital acquired pneumonia?

A 
Abnormal conscious state
Intubation
Ventilation
Surgery
Immunosuppresion
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5
Q

What type of organisms tend to cause pneumonia

A

Gram neg

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6
Q

Name 2 typical bacterial causes of community acquired pneumonia

A
  • Streoptococcus pneumoniae

- Haemophilus influenzae

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7
Q

Name 2 atypical bacterial causes of community acquired pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Chylamydia pneumoniae

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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of typical community acquired pneumonia

A
  • Sudden onset chills
  • Fever
  • Pleuritic chest pain
  • Productive cost: sputum is thick, purulent and rusty
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9
Q

How does white blood cell count differ

A

Usually very high

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10
Q

What is the commonest cause of lobar pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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11
Q

What would gram stain of sputum show in a person with S. pneumonia

A
  • Catalase neg
  • Alpha haemolytic colonies
  • Bile soluble
  • Susceptible to optochin
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12
Q

2 definitions of atypical pneumonia

A

1) Pneumonia not due to S. pneumoniae

2) Pneumonia not responding to conventional beta lactam therapy

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13
Q

Describe clinical presentation of atypical pneumonia

A
  • Usually insidious onset
  • Not productive cough
  • Fever, headache
  • CHEST X-RAY MORE ABNORMAL THAT EXAM WOULD SUGGEST
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14
Q

How are mycoplasma pneumoniae acquired

A

Droplet transmission

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15
Q

How does mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia present

A 
Fever
Headache
Myalgia
Earache
Dry cough
Haemolytic anaemia
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16
Q

How is M. pneumoniae diagnosed

A

CXR- patchy bilateral bronchopneumonia
Antibodies produced against patients own RBCs
IgM test
PCR

17
Q

What bacteria causes Legionnaires disease?

Gram postive or negative?

A

Legionella pneumophilia

Gram negative

18
Q

How does legionella pneumophilia grow

A

On buffered charcoal yeast extract

19
Q

Clinical presentation of Legionellaires disease

A
  • Confusion
  • Muscle aches
  • Pneumonia
  • Renal failure
  • (Diarrhoea)
20
Q

Is chlamydia pneumoniae an intracellular or extracellular organism

A

Intracellular

21
Q

What pathogen that causes atypical pneumonia is also implicated as copathogen in coronary artery disease/ cerebrovascular disease?

A

Chlamydia pneumoniae

22
Q

What diagnostic tools are used to identify chlamydia pneumoniae?

A

Immuno-fluoresence
Cell culture
Serology

23
Q

What causes Q fever and how is it transmited

A

Coxiella burnetti

Via infected animals/ excreta

24
Q

What can Q fever lead to

A

atypical pneumonia

25
Q

Name a cause of pneumonia in the severely immunocompromised

A

Pneomocystis

26
Q

How does classic pneymocytis present

A

Slight fever
Dyspnoea
Non productive cost

27
Q

What is respiratory syncytiall virus

A

Common cause of acute bronchitis in infancy which occurs in epidemic form in winter months

28
Q

Treatment of respiratory syncytial virus

A 
Mainly supportive (humidification and oxygen)
Ribavirin in severe cases
29
Q

What percentage of people get pleural effusion following pneumonia

A

3-5% pleural effusion

30
Q

What are the risk factors for severe pneumococcal disease

A

Children <2
Adults >65
Underlying medical conditions (splenectomy, unable to clear encapsulated bacteri, chronic cv disease)

31
Q

What organism is beta lactam inactive against

A

M.pneumoniae as this does not have a cell wall

32
Q

How is tuberculosis primarily contracted

A

Inhaling infected droplets from a cough or sneeze by infected person

33
Q

Describe myobacterium

A
  • Aerobic
  • Non-motile
  • Straight or slightly curved rods
  • Distinctive cell wall
34
Q

What is the significance of mycobacterium having a waxy cell wall

A 
Resistant to drying
Hydrophobic
Resistant to antibiotics
Resustance to acid and alkali
Survives in macrophages
35
Q

What 2 stains can be used to diagnose TB

A

Ziehl-Neelsen

Auramine-phenol

36
Q

Define multi drug resistant TB

A

Resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid

CR 2 (33 decks)

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