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CR 2 > Erythropoiesis > Flashcards

Erythropoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mesoblastic stage?

A

3rd week of foetal development

Erythrocytes develop in the yolk sac and mesothelial placental layers

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2
Q

What is the hepatic stage?

A

6th week of foetal development

Erythrocytes develop in the liver and spleen

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3
Q

What is the myeloid stage?

A

3 months onwards during foetal development

Erythrocytes develop in bone marrow

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4
Q

Where are erythrocytes developed in children up to 5?

A

Bone marrow of all bones

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5
Q

Where are erythrocytes developed in people aged between 5 and 20/25?

A

Bone marrow of long bones

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6
Q

Where are erythrocytes developed in people aged above 25?

A

Bone marrow of membranous bones

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7
Q

What is myeloid tissue

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Unit of measurment for blood count?

A

Cubic l

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9
Q

What is the normal erythrocyte count for men?

A

5.2+/-0.3*10^6

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10
Q

What is the normal erythrocyte count of women?

A

4.7+/-0.3*10^6

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11
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced and why

A

Fibroblast interstitial cells around proximal convuluted tubule of kidney
Oxygen levels here only determined by carrying ability of blood. EPO cells sensitive to hypoxia, so if hypoxia occurs must be to do with oxygen carriage

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12
Q

Effects of EPO (2)

A
  • Rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells

- In 1-2 days increases number of circulating reticulocytes

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13
Q

Effect of testosterone on EPO

A

Enhanced EPO production (hence why boys have higher RBC count)

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14
Q

What is a rouleaux

A

Stack/ clump of RBCs

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15
Q

What causes increased number of rouleaux

A

Inflammatory reactions or abnormal protein levels reduces negative charge on erythrocytes so they clump together

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16
Q

What is effect of rouleaux in blood test

A

Settle more quickly due to increased density. Non specific marker of infection

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17
Q

What do red blood cells require ATP for?

A

Protein pumps and GLUT1 transporters

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18
Q

How do red blood cells gain ATP?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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19
Q

How do red blood cells gain NAPDH?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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20
Q

What is glutathione

A

Reducing agent in blood that scavenges reactive oxygen and is oxidised in process

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21
Q

What do reactive oxygen species do?

A

Form in cells and convert ferrous iron in haemoglobin to ferric iron, giving methaemoglobin.

22
Q

Action of glutathione reductase?

A

Regenerates glutathione by using NADPH as electron donor.

23
Q

What is the only non-mitochondrial source of NADPH?

A

Hexose monophosphate shunt

24
Q

How do they splenic macrophages detect old erythrocytes?

A
  • Changes in cell surface antigens

- Changes in deformability

25
Q

What initially happens to trapped RBCs

A

Engulfed by splenic macrophages and broken open by osmotic lysis

26
Q

Product of osmotic lysis of RBCs?

A

Globin proteins and haem group

27
Q

What happens to globin proteins after osmotic lysis?

A

Broken to amino acids

28
Q

Action of haemoxygenase enzyme on haem group?

A

Breaks into biliveroin

29
Q

Action of biliverdin reductase in biliveroin

A

Breaks into bilirubin which then binds to albumin and is transported out spleen into blood

30
Q

What form is bilirubin when in splenic blood

A

Unconjugated

31
Q

Where and how does bilirubin become conjugated

A

Liver

Bound to gluronic acid by hepatocytes

32
Q

Effect of conjugating bilirubin

A

Becomes more water soluble

33
Q

Where does conjugated bilirubin get transported to

A

Small intestine

34
Q

What happens to 90% of conjugated bilirubin

A

Converted to urobilogen and excreted as faeces

35
Q

What happens to 10% of conjugated bilirubin

A

COnverted to urobilogen and goes to liver via portal vein. Then goes to kidney and excreted as urine

36
Q

What is urobilogen further oxidised to

A

Stercobilin

37
Q

What 2 cells does the haematopoetic stem cells differentiate into

A

Common lymphoid progenitors

Common myeloid progenitor/ proerythroblast

38
Q

Describe changes undergone by proerythroblast to form erythrocyte

A
  • Differentiates into erythroblast
  • Nucleus shrinks
  • Cytoplasm fills with haemoglobin
  • Now reticulocyte
  • Reticulocyte expels nucleus
39
Q

Name 3 cells (not including erythrocyte) that proerythroblast can differentiate into

A
  • Megakaryocyte
  • Mast cell
  • Myeloblast
40
Q

What do myeloblasts differentiate into

A

Granulated white cells

41
Q

What do common lymphoid progeniors differentiate into

A

Lymphocytes

42
Q

What is the diameter of an erythrocyte

A

7.8

43
Q

What do erythrocytes stain with

A

Eosin

44
Q

What is the volume of erythrocyte

A

90 cu mm

45
Q

Why do reticulocytes show dark marks when stained

A

Ribosomal RNA stains darker

46
Q

What % of blood cells are reticulocytes

A

Approx 1%

47
Q

Name the granulocytes

A 
Basophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Macrophage
48
Q

What is a macrophage produced from

A

Monocyte

49
Q

A rise in what is thought to signal for RBC to be removed from circulation

A

Increase in methamoglobin

50
Q

What is the normal level of conjugated bilirubin in the blood

A

0.1-0,3mg/dl

51
Q

What gives urine its yellow colour

A

Urobilirubin

CR 2 (33 decks)

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