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CR 2 > Exercise > Flashcards

Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is dynamic exercise?

A

Rhythmical movement of joints and contraction/ relaxation of muscles (swimming, running, cycling)

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2
Q

What is static exercise?

A

Maintained contraction for a length of time

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3
Q

What are the 3 sources of energy that support skeletal muscle function

A
  • Immediate energy system
  • Anaerobic resp
  • Aerobic resp
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4
Q

Which source of energy for skeletal muscle gives fastest ATP supply

A

Immediate energy system

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5
Q

Function of immediate energy system

A

Rapid mobilisation of high energy phosphates

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6
Q

Does immediate energy system require oxygen

A

No

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7
Q

What is the function of creatine phosphate

A

Provides source of high potential phosphate to maintain contraction

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8
Q

What catalyses reaction in which creatine phosphate provides source of high potential phosphate

A

Creatine kinase

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9
Q

Does reaction from creatine phosphate to creatine + phosphate produce or require ATP

A

Produces

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10
Q

How is ATP generated by anaerobic respiration

A

Via glycolysis

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11
Q

What is excess pyruvate converted to in anaerobic respiration

A

Lactate

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12
Q

How do lactic acid levels change in 100m sprint

A

1.6mM to 8.3mM

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13
Q

Where is majority of energy derived from in sustainble exercise

A

Aerobic respiration

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14
Q

What is VO2

A

Volume of oxygen consumed

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15
Q

If you are 70kg what is normal VO2

A

250ml/min

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16
Q

How many ml of oxygen are consumed per minute for each kg of body?

A

3.6ml

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17
Q

What is VO2max

A

Maximum oxygen uptake consumed during exercise

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18
Q

When is VO2max reached?

A

When oxygen consumption remains at steady state despite increase in worklaod

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19
Q

V02= (define each part)

A 
VO2= Q x (Ca02-Cv02)
Q= cardiac output
Ca02= arterial o2 content
Cv02= venous o2 content
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20
Q

What is Ca02-Cv02 known as?

A

Arteriovenous oxygen difference

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21
Q

What is the V02 max in

a) Elite indurance athletes
b) Mildly active middle aged adults
c) COPD/ advanced heart disease

A

a) 80-90ml02/(min x kg)
b) 30-40
c) 10-20

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22
Q

Define anaeorbic threshold

A

Point where lactate starts to accumulate in the body

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23
Q

Is lactic acid produced or metabolised faster? Result of this?

A

Produced

Metabolic acidosis

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24
Q

Two main ways that the cardiovascular system responds during exercise

A

1) Rise in cardiac output

2) Redistribution of larger proportion of cardiac output to active muscles

25
Q

Is sympathetic or parasympathetic system more active in exercise

A

Sympathetic

26
Q

How is stroke volume increased in exercise?

A

There is increased venous return and increased preload therefore increased SV

27
Q

How is heart rate increased during exercise

A

Sympathetic innervation has a positive inotropic response to heart

28
Q

Is stroke volume or heart rate more responsible for cardiac output increase during

a) mild exercise
b) moderate exercise
c) intense exercise

A

a) both HR and SV
b) SV reaches max level here
c) these changes fully done by HR

29
Q

How does heart adapt to exercise in the long term

A

Adapts to sustained increases in blood pressure by increasing muscle mass largely via increase in cardiac myocyte size (hypertrophy)

30
Q

How does the athletes hypertrophied heart differ to a failing hypertrophied heart

A

Both have increased muscle mass
Athelete has normal cardiac function, failing heart has reduced
Athletes heart changes are reversible, failing heart non reversible

31
Q

How does heart rate of athlete compare to untrained individuals

A

Slower (bradycardia)

32
Q

What % of cardiac output goes to muscles at rest? At what rate

A

20-25%

1l/min

33
Q

What % of cardiac output goes to muscles during maximal exercise? At what rate

A

80-90%

22l/min

34
Q

2 ways that the body redistributes blood during exercise

A

Systemic regulation and local regulation

35
Q

What is meant by systemic regulation of blood redistribution

A

Start of exercise there is increase in sympathetic outflow to heart and systemic resistance vessels

36
Q

What receptors are involved in systemic regulation of blood redistribution

A

ADRENORECEPTORS

  • Alpha constrict vessels in gut and cause skin vasoconstriction
  • Beta 1 increase rate and force of myocardial contraction of the heart
  • Beta 2 relax muscles and increase ventilation and oxygen uptake, cause vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles
37
Q

What is role of endothelial/ myogenic mechanisms in local regulation of blood redistribution

A

NO relaxes smooth muscle cells leading to vasodilation

38
Q

What tissue factors are released from contracting muscles (5)

A 
Adenosine
Inorganic phosphates
CO2
H+
K+
39
Q

How does total peripheral resistance change during exercise

A

Decreases by a third

40
Q

How does MAP change during exercise

A

Only slight increase

41
Q

How does systolic pressure change during exercise

A

Increased force of ventricular contraction (increased SV) causes increased systolic pressure

42
Q

How does (can) diastolic pressure change during exercise

A

Decreases in total peripheral resistance can lead to decrease in diastolic pressure

43
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

a) at rest
b) in heavy exercise

A

a) 8l/min

b) 100l/min

44
Q

How is rise is pulmonary ventilation achieved

A

Rise in respiratory rate and tidal volume

45
Q

What is the pulmonary ventilation like during moderate exercise

A

Steady state ventilation directly proportional to work done

46
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation like during heavy exercise

A

Ventilation is disproportionately large in relation to oxygen uptake

47
Q

How do blood gases change during exercise

A

Pa02 decline slightly
PvCO2 rises
Pv02 rises

48
Q

Effect of changing blood gases

A

Increase in gradient driving oxygen diffusion

49
Q

What changes that happen during exercise shift the oxygen dissassociation curve to the right

A
  • Increased CO2
  • Increased H+
  • Increase in local tissue temperature
50
Q

Why does the body build up an oxygen defecit at the beginning of exercise

A

Because oxygen doesn’t immediately rise quickly enough to meet requirements

51
Q

Why do athletes continue breathing quickly after exercise

A

To eliminate the oxygen debt

52
Q

How long after exercise is finished does oxygen consumption reach resting levels

A

up to 60 minutes

53
Q

What happens to creatine phosphate and ATP during initial phase of oxygen decline

A

They are resynthesised via oxidative pathways

54
Q

What happens to excess lactate during oxygen decline

A

Resynthesised into glucose and glycogen

55
Q

What is the role of central command system in terms of regulating cardiovascular response to exercise

A

Modulates baroreceptor reflex sensitity

Receives feedback from increased activity from afferent nerves from exercising limbs

56
Q

What do metaboreceptors respond to

A

Changes in metabolite concentrations (pH and K+ mainly)

57
Q

What area of the cerebral cortext is thought to initiate ventilation increase

A

Premotor area

58
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect

A

CO2 levels

59
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect

A

plasma potassium concentrations

CR 2 (33 decks)

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