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CR 2 > Blood groups and transfusion > Flashcards

Blood groups and transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What structures exist on the surface of red cells to determine group

A

Sugar residues

Proteins

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2
Q

What blood group system do sugar residues determien

A

ABO

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3
Q

What blood group system do proteins determine

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Define red cell antigens

A

Substances on surface of red cell that can stimulate formation of antibodies

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5
Q

Define antibodies in terms of blood groups

A

Immunoglobins in palsma which react specifically with their antigen (eg A antigen adn anti- A antibody)

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6
Q

Define autoantibodie

A

Antibodies that react with antigens on persons own red cells

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7
Q

Define alloantibodies

A

Produced by the person against antigens not present on persons own red cells

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8
Q

What type of antibodies are anti A and B?

A

Naturally occuring antibodies IgM

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9
Q

What is contained in plasma of blood group A

A

Anti-B

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10
Q

What is contained in plasma of blood group B

A

Anti-A

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11
Q

What is contained in plasma of blood group O

A

Anti- B and Anti- A

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12
Q

What is contained in plasma of blood group AB

A

No ABO antibodies

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13
Q

What acclutinates group group A

A

Anti-A

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14
Q

What acclutinates group B

A

Anti-B

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15
Q

What acclutinates blood gropu AB

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

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16
Q

What agglutinates blood group O

A

Neither anti- A or anti- B

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17
Q

What is meant by ABO phenotype?

A

The antigens that can be detected (eg blood group a has A antigens)

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18
Q

Genetics of blood types A and B

A

They are co-dominant

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19
Q

What is the genotype of blood group A

A

AA or AO

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20
Q

What is the genotype of blood group B

A

BB or BO

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21
Q

What is the genotype of blood group AB

A

AB

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22
Q

What is the genotype of blood group O

A

OO

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23
Q

Distribution of blood types in caucasian people

A

A: 45%
B: 8%
AB: 3%
0: 44%

24
Q

Distribution of blood types in asian people

A

A: 24%
B: 38%
AB: 16%
O: 22%

25
Q

What 3 antigens determine rhesus blood group

A

C or c
D or no D (d)
E or e

26
Q

How are antigens in rhesus blood groups inherited

A

As a triplet

27
Q

What type of antibodies are involved in rhesus blood groups

A

Immune antibodies- they will only be produced if exposed to antigen through transfusion, pregnancy or transplantation

28
Q

What 2 genes are involved in rhesus group

A

RhD and RhCE

29
Q

Is cde/cde genotype positive or negative

A

Negative

30
Q

Is CDe/cdE positive or negative

A

Positive

31
Q

Name 4 rhesus positive genotypes

A

CDe/ cDE
CDe/cdE
CcDE/ Cde
CDE/ cde

32
Q

Name a rhesus negative genotypes

A

Cde/cde

33
Q

Are majority of people rhesus positive or negative

A

Positive

34
Q

What is haemolytic disease of the new born

A

Severe disease leading to still birth or severe brain damage in the child

35
Q

Most common cause of haemolytic disease of new born?

A

Anti- D antibody

36
Q

What happens to a rhesus positive mother carrying her first rhesus negative child

A

The immune system is sensitised to D antigen

37
Q

What happens to a rhesus positive mother carrying her second rhesys negative child

A

Anti-D is stimulated
Crosses the placenta
Destroys foetal red cell leading to Anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis within 72 hours of birth

38
Q

How is haemolytic disease of the new born now prevented

A

All Rh negative mothers now get prophylatic anti-D pregnancy

39
Q

6 reasons somebody may require blood transfusion

A 
Anaemia
Bone marrow failure
Anaemia of prematurity
Sickle cell
Malaria
Acute blood loss
40
Q

5 dangers of blood transfusion

A 
Infection transmission
Danger of alloimmunisation (antibody production) that may compromise further transfusions
Danger of incompatible transfusion
Danger of iron overload
Danger of circulatory overload
41
Q

What blood groups can blood group O give to?

A

All blood groups

42
Q

What blood groups can blood group A give to?

A

A or AB

43
Q

What blood groups can blood group B give to?

A

B or AB

44
Q

What blood groups can blood group AB give to?

A

just AB

45
Q

What blood groups can Rh positive receive

A

Positive or negative

46
Q

What blood groups can Rh negative receive

A

Usually just negative

Can only give positive to males requiring massive transfusion

47
Q

What is lifespan of platelets when stored at room temp

A

5 days

48
Q

Why is it advised to give platelets to same blood group?

A

In case residual red cells are present

49
Q

What protocols must happen when taking blood from a patient?

A
  • Confirm id
  • Label tube with full name, NOB, hospital record number
  • No sticky name labels
  • Sign both form and tube
50
Q

What must be organised before a transfusion can be undergone?

A
  • Blood grouping (both ABO and rhesus)

- Antibody screening

51
Q

What must be monitoring during a transfusion

A

Pulse
BP
Temp

52
Q

What is an indirect antiglobin test

A
  • Used to screen for atypical antibodies in plasma
  • Plasma mixed with group O cells as this expresses all common blood group antigens
  • If antibody is present it will bind to antigen on detector red cell
53
Q

What does a rapid temp spike of >40 degrees C suggest?

A

Intravascular haemolysis

54
Q

Symptoms of intravascular haemolysis

A 
Restless
Flushing
Anxiety
Abdominal pain
Pain at venepuncture site
55
Q

Signs of intravascular haemolysis

A

Fever
Hypotension
Oozing from venepuncture site
Haemoglobinuria

56
Q

Treatment of acute transfusion reaction

A

STOP TRANSFUSION
IV saline to control hypotension
Frusemide to maintain renal perfusion
Treat any resultant disseminated intravascular coagulation

57
Q

Where should transfusion problems be reported to?

A

MRHA

SHOT

CR 2 (33 decks)

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