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CR 2 > Blood groups and transfusion > Flashcards

Blood groups and transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

How is ones blood group determined

A
  • Sugar residues form the ABO blood group type
  • Proteins for the rhesus blood group type
  • Your genes determine which sugar/ protein is expressed and therefore your blood group
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2
Q

Where are blood groups lcoated

A

On the surface of the cell- red cell surface has lipid bilayer containing sugar and protein residues

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3
Q

What are red cell antigens

A

Substances on the surface of a red cell that can stimulate the formation of antibodies

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4
Q

What are autoantibodies

A

React with antigens present on a persons own red cells

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5
Q

What are alloantibodies

A

Produced by the person against antigens not present on own red cells

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6
Q

How does agglutination work

A
  • Red cells express antigens
  • Antibodies to that antigen bind red cells together via antigens
  • Causes cell destruction
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7
Q

What kind of antibodies are ABO antibodies

A

IgM and IgG (mostly G)

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8
Q

Why are IgM antibodies known as cold acting

A

They bind at room temp

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9
Q

What antibody does blood group A contain in plasma

A

anti-b

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10
Q

What antibody does group group B contain in plasma

A

Anti-a

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11
Q

What antibody does blood group O contain in plasma

A

Anti-a and Anti-B

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12
Q

What antibody does blood group AB contain in plasma

A

No ABO in plasma

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13
Q

What are the possible genotypes for phenotype blood group A

A

AA, AO

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14
Q

What are the possible genotypes of phenotype blood group B

A

BB, BO

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15
Q

What are the possible genotypes for phenotype AB

A

AB

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16
Q

What are the possible genotypes for phenotype O

A

OO

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17
Q

Name the blood groups in order of frequency amognst caucasian people

A

A,O, B, AB

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18
Q

Name the blood groups in order of frequency amongst asian people

A

B, A, 0, AB

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19
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor and why

A

Group O because they have no antigens and plasma is not donated in great quantities

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20
Q

If patient is group a, who can donate

A

A or O

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21
Q

If patient is group b who can donate

A

B or O

22
Q

If patient is group AB who can donate

A

ab, a, b or o

23
Q

If patient is group O who can donate

A

O

24
Q

What kind of antibodies are involved in Rh blood group

A

Immune antibodies- only exposed if person exposed to antigen through transfusion, pregnancy or transplantation

25
Q

What antigens are involved in Rh blood groups

A

C/ c
D or no D (no D is written as d)
E or e

26
Q

How are the antigens in Rh blood groups inherited

A

As a triplet

27
Q

What will agglutinate CcDe

A

anti-C, anti-c, anti-D and anti-e

28
Q

What will agglutinate cdE

A

anti-c, anti-E

29
Q

Which antigen is the most important in Rh, and why

A

D antigen

80% of people without the D antigen will develop anti-D if exposed to it

30
Q

How may phenotype CcDEe be inherited

A
  • CDe/ cDE
  • CDe/cdE
  • cDE/ Cde
  • CDE/cde
31
Q

What determines rhesus positive/ negative

A

Presence or absence of D antigen

32
Q

How is phenotype Ccde inherited

A

Cde/cde

33
Q

How is phenotype cde inherited

A

cde/cde

34
Q

Is it more common to be rhesus positive or negative

A

Positive

35
Q

Which pregnancy will haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn affect

A

Second child

36
Q

How does haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn come about?

A
  • Rhesus (D) negative mother carries rhesus (D) positive baby
  • Immune system is sensitised to D antigen
  • Second rhesus (D) positive child– there is now anti-D antibody which is stimulated, crosses placenta and destroys foetal red cells
37
Q

How is haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn now managed

A

All rhesus (D) negative mothers get prophylactic anti- D in first pregnancy

38
Q

Can you give Rh(D) negative donor to a Rh (D) positive patient?

A

Yes

39
Q

What is removed in a red cell transfusion

A

Unit with the most plasma is removed

40
Q

What is removed in a red cells in additive solution

A

Unit with most plasma, white cells and platelets removed

41
Q

When may a red cell transfusion be required

A
  • Blood loss
  • Bone marrow failure
  • Haemolysis
  • Inherited Hb disorders
42
Q

Should you do a red blood transfusion if anaemia is present due to iron/ B12 or folate deficiency?

A

Should be avoided if poss- instead give haematinic replacement therapy

43
Q

What are the potential risks of giving blood

A
  • infection
  • alloimmunisation
  • incompatable transfusion
  • circulatory overload
  • iron overload
44
Q

Why is an indirect antiglobulin test done

A

To screen for atypical antibodies in patients plasma

45
Q

How is an indirect antiglobulin test carried out?

A
  • Patients plasma mixed with group O cells expressing all the common blood group antigens
  • If antibody present, will bind to antigens on detector cells
46
Q

What must be monitored during a transfusion

A

Pulse, BP, temp

47
Q

What are the symptoms of a possible transfusion reaction

A

Restless, flushing, anxiety, abdo pain, nausea and diarrhoea, pain at venopuncture site

48
Q

What are the signs of transfusion reaction

A

Fever, hypotension, haemoglobinguria

Rapid temp spike >40 degrees

49
Q

How do you manage a possible transfusion reaction

A

Stop transfusion
Maintain venous access with saline
Commence resus

50
Q

Most common reason for incompatability

A

Patient wrongly identifed

51
Q

When do symptoms of delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction occur

A

7-10 days post transfusion

52
Q

Why does delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction occur

A

Failure of Hb to rise

CR 2 (33 decks)

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