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Farm Animal > Livestock Reproduction > Flashcards

Livestock Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of reproduction?

A

delivery of live neonates

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2
Q

What does poor reproductive efficiency lead to?

A

loss of money

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3
Q

Why is it important to carefully choose livestock to breed?

A

because who you choose will pass genetics to future generations

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4
Q

What are the methods of selection for breeding?

A

estimated progeny differences, estimated breeding values, pedigree, and confirmation

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5
Q

What is estimated progeny differences?

A

predicts the characteristics of an offspring before they are born

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6
Q

What are estimated breeding values?

A

determines the value of a breeding between 2 animals before breeding occurs

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7
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

mating of two animals that are closely related

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8
Q

What is linebreeding?

A

mating several generation of offspring to a particular animal or descendants (inbreeding at a distance)

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9
Q

What is crossbreeding?

A

sire and dam of different breed (same species, different breeds)

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10
Q

What is purebreeding?

A

mating two animals of the same breed

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11
Q

What is autocrossing?

A

mating between families of the same breed

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12
Q

What is grading up?

A

mating of purebred and a grade animal

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13
Q

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

A

proestrus, estrus, metaestrus, diestrus, anestrus

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14
Q

What is proestrus?

A

begins with drop in progesterone due to surge of prostaglandin F2a (F2alpha) in diestrus

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15
Q

What is estrus?

A

estrogen reaches a certain level that causes the releases of LH; this triggers ovulation

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16
Q

What is metaestrus?

A

decreasing estrogen due to ruptured follicle

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17
Q

What is diestrus?

A

sexual inactivity; if not pregnant, prostaglandin surge of PGF2a starts cycle over again

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18
Q

What is anestrus?

A

break in the cycle that is seen in seasonally polyestrus species and in pregnant polyestrus species

19
Q

What is the goal of breeding soundness exams?

A

evaluation of the reproductive performance of an animal

20
Q

What are the primary methods of collecting sperm?

A

electroejaculation, natural stimulation, artificial vaginas

21
Q

How is semen prepared for artificial insemination?

A

frozen in hollow straws or ampules

22
Q

What are extenders?

A

combination of liquid and solid ingredients used to nourish the sperm and help them survive outside live animal

23
Q

What is rectal palpation?

A

feeling for ovary signs of follicle and/or carpus lutea

24
Q

Vaginal examination is most useful in _____________.

A

horses

25
Q

Diagnostic ultrasound per rectum is primarily used in ______.

A

mares

26
Q

What is the most reliable way of observing standing heat in remnants?

A

mounting behavior: cow being mounted is in heat

27
Q

What is the most reliable way observing standing heat in swine?

A

lordosis - characteristic stance seen in females when pressure is placed on their back

28
Q

How can estrus be synchronized?

A

use hormone treatments to synchronize estrus in females

29
Q

In what animals is artificial insemination common in?

A

cattle, horses, and swine (dairy cattle most common)

30
Q

How do you prep the perineum/vulva for reproductive procedures (AI)?

A

tail in wrapped, vulva, perineum, anus, and buttock are cleaned with mild soap and water

31
Q

What is a horse’s gestation length?

A

305-365 days (~11 months in general)

32
Q

What is the gestation length of cattle?

A

283 days

33
Q

What is the gestation length of sheep/goats?

A

~150 days

34
Q

What is the gestation length of swine?

A

114 days

35
Q

What are the three stages of labor?

A

preparatory stage, expulsion of fetus, passage of placenta

36
Q

What is dystocia?

A

difficult birth

37
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia?

A

abnormal fetal position

38
Q

What is normal fetal position?

A

extended forelimbs, head first

39
Q

What are some signs of dystocia?

A

visualization of head first out, one foot out

40
Q

What are the three primary methods of treating dystocia?

A

mutation and delivery by traction, c-section, and fetotomy (fetus/neonate dead)

41
Q

What is the most common way to treat dystocia?

A

mutation and delivery by traction

42
Q

What are calf jacks?

A

allow for additional leverage when pulling

43
Q

C-sections are common in __________.

A

ruminants

44
Q

What is a fetotomy?

A

involves cutting/amputating portions of fetus to allow easier removal by traction

Farm Animal (23 decks)

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