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Farm Animal > History and Physical Exams > Flashcards

History and Physical Exams Flashcards

1
Q

What is a normal respiration rate for a horse?

A

6-12bpm

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2
Q

How can you obtain RR in a horse?

A

watch “rise and fall” of chest from a distance (preferred method), stethoscope, feel movement of air from nostril

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3
Q

What should be asked about when getting a history?

A

food and water sources, posture management, herd health programs, introduction of new animal to herd, feeding practices, toxin exposure, environmental stresses

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4
Q

What should you not do when taking a history?

A

do NOT pass judgement to an owner

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5
Q

What is the purpose of physical exam?

A

sick animal exam —–> healthy animal exam - insurance exam/pre-purchase exam

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6
Q

What should be noted during a horse’s PE?

A

visual observation, RR, lung auscultation, pulse rate, heart auscultation, MM, hydration status, height/weight measurement

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7
Q

What should be visually observed during a horse’s PE?

A

posture, behavior, body condition, alertness, breathing pattern and respiratory noise, body swelling/wounds, muscle mass

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8
Q

Horse’s are ____________ breathers.

A

obligate nasal

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9
Q

What is abnormal during respiration?

A

noise —–> wheezing, whistling, honking, snoring, fluttering

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10
Q

What areas is lung auscultation usually broken into?

A

two areas –> cranioventral area and caudodorsal area

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11
Q

What is a pulse heart rate?

A

feeling the pulse by palpation of arteries

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12
Q

Where can you palpate a pulse on a horse?

A

facial artery, transverse facial artery, coccygeal artery, dorsal metatarsal artery, lateral digital artery

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13
Q

Where can you feel facial artery pulse?

A

along mandible rostral to masseter muscle

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14
Q

Where can you feel coccygeal artery pulse?

A

along ventral midline of the tail

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15
Q

Where can you feel dorsal metatarsal artery pulse?

A

between metatarsal 3 & 4 on the hind limb

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16
Q

Where can you feel lateral digit artery pulse?

A

outside of front limb

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17
Q

Where can you palpate a pulse of a swine?

A

auricular artery and coccygeal artery

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18
Q

Where can you palpate a pulse on cattle?

A

facial artery

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19
Q

Where can you palpate a pulse of goats and sheep?

A

femoral artery

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20
Q

What is common with an athletic horse’s pulse?

A

common irregularity of pulse due to second degree atrioventricular block

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21
Q

What side is easier to hear heart auscultation?

A

left side

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22
Q

What can happen when taking a horse’s temperature?

A

can aspirate thermometer into rectum

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23
Q

What is a horse’s normal abdominal auscultation?

A

1-3 gut sounds per minute

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24
Q

What is borborygmi?

A

intestinal motility sounds

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25
Q

What is ileus?

A

complete absence of borborygmi

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26
Q

What is normal mucous membrane color in horses?

A

light to dark pink

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27
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

MM are a bluish tiny - extremely low oxygen

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28
Q

What do brick red MM mean?

A

bacterial septicemia and/or shock

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29
Q

What is endotoxin shock?

A

purple gum line above teeth referred to as toxic line

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30
Q

What do pale MM mean?

A

anemia or poor perfusion

31
Q

What do hemorrhages on MM mean?

A

clotting disorder

32
Q

What is petechial hemorrhage?

A

<1mm sized bruises on MM

33
Q

What is ecchymotic hemorrhage?

A

> 1mm and <1cm sized bruises on MM

34
Q

What is purpuric hemorrhage?

A

> 1cm sized bruises on MM

35
Q

What is colic?

A

abdominal pain

36
Q

What is nasogastric intubation?

A

helpful since horses can’t vomit their stomach will become distended with ingesta and gas and the stomach can rupture

37
Q

What is the risk of rectal palpation?

A

risk of rectal tears which can be life threatening

38
Q

What injuries are common in horses?

A

eye injuries

39
Q

What is usually needed for eye exams?

A

nerve blocks

40
Q

How are horses observed during a lameness exam?

A

must observe the horse during various activities —–> at rest, walking, trotting

41
Q

What is the flexion test?

A

flex joint for period of time and the jog horse

42
Q

What is used to evaluate hooves?

A

hoof testers

43
Q

What are local anesthetics for nerve blocks used for?

A

used to confirm or further localize source of pain

44
Q

How are local anesthetics used?

A

joints/nerves are injected starting near hoof and working up

45
Q

How can you make sure the correct patient is getting treated the correct way?

A

record in record, place a card on housing door, plastic ID tags can be made to braid into mane or tail, put on pastern, or halter

46
Q

What are the two types of artificial identification?

A

permanent and temporary

47
Q

What are panel tags?

A

numbered tag placed in ear, can be easily removed

48
Q

What are metal clips?

A

clips on ears, less likely to be ripped off than ear tag but not as easily read from a distance

49
Q

What are hot brands?

A

destroy hair follicle and leave scar, usually placed over side of neck, triceps, or hip/thigh area

50
Q

What are freeze brands?

A

destroys hair pigment derived from melanocytes and leave white hair, uses branding iron dipped in liquid nitrogen

51
Q

Where is an ear notch placed?

A

left ear

52
Q

What animal is ear notching done on?

A

swine

53
Q

What is a star marking?

A

small marking between the eyes located anywhere from the poll to the bottom third of the forehead

54
Q

What is a strip marking?

A

thin white line within the bridges of the nasal bones

55
Q

What is a snip marking?

A

small marking between the nostrils anywhere on the dorsal aspect of the face, on the bottom of the head

56
Q

What is a blaze marking?

A

thick white line outside the bridges of the nasal bones

57
Q

What is a bald marking?

A

wide white mark that goes behind at least one eye

58
Q

What is a cornet marking?

A

white marking that forms a thin white line around the coronary band

59
Q

What is a pastern marking?

A

white marking below the level of the pastern that does not cross the pastern at any point

60
Q

What are sock markings?

A

white marking that crossed the pastern at any point and does not cross the knee or hock at any point

61
Q

What are stocking markings?

A

white marking up to hock

62
Q

Black horse coat

A

no brown areas

63
Q

Brown horse coat

A

black horse that gets brown anywhere on body during year, any shade of brown but no shades of red

64
Q

Chestnut horse coat

A

brown horse with hues of red

65
Q

Sorrel horse coat

A

brown horse with dull red hues - American Quarter Horse Association ONLY

66
Q

Bay Horse Coat

A

brown, chestnut, or sorrel with black legs, mane, and tail

67
Q

Dun horse coat

A

yellow tan as the main body with black, dorsal stripe down middle of back - darker coat color

68
Q

Bucksin horse coat

A

dun without the dorsal stripe

69
Q

Palomin horse coat

A

same color as dun or bucksin with blond/white mane and tail

70
Q

Gray horse coat

A

most “white” horses are actually gray, skin is darkly pigmented

71
Q

Roan horse coat

A

coat color is salt and pepper like, head is solid color, often red

72
Q

What are hair whorls?

A

usually one swirl on muzzle that is in unique position

73
Q

How is a hair whorl recorded in a horse’s diagram/photo?

A

an X

74
Q

What are chestnuts?

A

common to all horses on the medial aspects of all limbs; evolutionary remnants of the digital pad of the first digit

Farm Animal (23 decks)

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