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Farm Animal > Equine Reproduction > Flashcards

Equine Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What type of estrus cycles do horses have?

A

seasonally polyestrous

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2
Q

When is a horse first bred?

A

2-3 years - varies

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3
Q

How long is the gestation period?

A

360-365 days

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4
Q

What is the average weaning age?

A

4-7 months

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5
Q

Prolonged labor usually is _________________.

A

fatal to foals

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6
Q

What is usually done during a reproductive exam?

A

rectal palpation, ultrasound, visual exam of vagina and cervix, uterine culture and sometimes uterine biopsy

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in mares?

A

bacterial uterine infection

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8
Q

Infections are suspected in ____________.

A

any mare that has had repeated unsuccessful breeding or early loss of embryo

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9
Q

What is endometrial (uterine) biopsy?

A

used to evaluate fertility

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10
Q

What is the most commonly used method to collect sperm?

A

artificial vaginas

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11
Q

How is a stallion prepped for semen collection?

A

erect penis is washed with warm water, tail wrapped and buttock washed

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12
Q

What does “placing a mare under lights” mean?

A

the mare’s ovulatory season is advanced by approximately 40-60 days by maintaining mares under conditions of 16 hours of light

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13
Q

What would you do with a mare after artificial insemination to discourage expulsion?

A

walk her

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14
Q

How often is AI repeated in a mare?

A

every 24-48 hours while in heat

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15
Q

When does foaling occur?

A

80% occurs at night

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16
Q

What are some signs of impending parturitions?

A

sweating across neck and flank, “waxing”

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17
Q

What is “waxing”?

A

leaking of colostrum that dries on the teat and makes “wax-like cap”

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18
Q

What is stage one of the parturition cycle?

A

preparatory stage

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19
Q

How long does phase one of the parturition cycle last?

A

2-4 hours

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20
Q

What is stage two of the parturition cycle?

A

delivery of fetus

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21
Q

How long is the typical delivery of a foal?

A

20-30 minutes

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22
Q

The placenta separates _________.

A

rapidly

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23
Q

If a foal is not seen in ~20 minutes, what does that mean?

A

dystocia

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24
Q

If a foal is not fully delivered in 30-45 minutes, what does that mean?

A

dystocia

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25
Q

If a foal is not fully delivered in >60 minutes, what does that mean?

A

poor outcome for foal, possible death

26
Q

What is phase three of the parturition cycle?

A

passage of fetal membrane/placenta

27
Q

What does it mean if the placenta does NOT pass in 4-6 hours?

A

placenta is considered to be retained

28
Q

What is the most common way to treat dystocia?

A

mutation and delivery by traction

29
Q

What is the last resort to treat dystocia?

A

c-section

30
Q

Which species has the longest gestation?

A

horse

31
Q

What is a neonates normal HR/RR ~5 minutes after birth?

A

> 60bpm

32
Q

When does a newborn foal first stand?

A

30-60 minutes after birth

33
Q

When does a newborn foal start to nurse?

A

60-180 minutes after birth

34
Q

When does a newborn foal have first bowel movement?

A

<24 hours after birth

35
Q

What needs of newborns must be addressed?

A

adequacy of passive transfer of antibodies

36
Q

What is the first priority after delivery?

A

oxygenation/pulse assessment —> ensure clear airway

37
Q

Horses are _________ breathers.

A

obligate nasal

38
Q

What is the first step in maintaining body temperature after birth?

A

drying off neonate

39
Q

If a horse needs heat support, what temperature should be started with?

A

start at 100*F

40
Q

How should the umbilical stump be treated?

A

dipped 2-3 times a day for a few weeks, monitor stump

41
Q

What are some clinical signs of persistent patent urachus?

A

foal dribbles or streams from umbilicus

42
Q

How often do foals nurse?

A

every 1-2 hours

43
Q

What glucose can be fatal in neonates?

A

<40g/dL

44
Q

What is meconium?

A

first bowel movement

45
Q

What is the leading cause of colic in neonates?

A

impacted meconium

46
Q

What is colostrum?

A

first milk, contains antibodies

47
Q

What is passive transfer?

A

transfer of antibodies from mare to neonate

48
Q

Why is passive transfer important?

A

foal’s immune system is not fully capable of producing protective antibodies until close to 8 weeks

49
Q

What is the leading cause of sickness and death in first week of age?

A

septicemia

50
Q

What is the leading cause of septicemia?

A

failure of passive transfer

51
Q

What antibody level would suggest failure of passive transfer?

A

<200mg/dL

52
Q

What is normal during foal’s heart auscultation?

A

patent duct arteriosus (PDA) is normal before 4 days of age and will go away

53
Q

What is normal during foal’s lung auscultation?

A

moist sounds during first few hours

54
Q

What are fetal hoof pads?

A

hooves are covered with at birth, fall off on their own

55
Q

What are the two major limb deformities?

A

angular and flexural

56
Q

What is a flexural deformity?

A

“dropped ankle”, determined by looking at leg from side

57
Q

What is a valgus angular deformity?

A

feet point away from body’s median plane

58
Q

What is a varus angular deformity?

A

feet point toward body’s median plane

59
Q

What is a windswept angular deformity?

A

varus deviation on one leg and valgus deviation on other

60
Q

How can you prevent a foal from getting sick?

A

check IgG levels, maintain excellent sanitization, treat the umbilicus, close monitoring of vital signs

Farm Animal (23 decks)

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