Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3: CSP & PH > Leukaemia > Flashcards

Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Cancer of haematopoietic cells usually associated with increased numbers of white blood cells in the bone marrow or blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What cells are implicated in ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia)?

A

lymphoid progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cells are implicated in CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia)?

A

Naive B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are implicated in AML (acute myeloid leukaemia)?

A

Myeloid progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cells are implicated in CML (chronic myeloid leukaemia)?

A

Increase granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cells are implicated in myeloproliferative disorders?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, platelets and red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cells are implicated in lymphomas?

A

T cells and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cells are implicated in myelomas?

A

Plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline how acute leukaemia presents

A
  • > 20% blast cells in bone marrow/blood

- Presentation: signs of bone marrow failure (anaemia, tiredness, SOB, infections, leucostasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common childhood cancer?

A

ALL (peak incidence is 2-4 years old)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

A

> Malignant disease of undifferentiated lymphoblasts
Most common childhood cancer (with peak incidence 2-4 years).
Presentation: general lethargy, bone pain and anorexia. Bone marrow failure may present as anaemia, neutropenia (with or without infection), thrombocytopenia (with or without bleeding), lymphadenopathy, and there may be abdominal organomegaly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Outline acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

A

This is a malignant transformation of myeloid precursor cells at a very early stage of their development. This condition is increasingly frequent in older people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What blood results may indicate leukaemia?

A

Low platelets, anaemia, elevated WCC (in acute leukaemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cytogenetics are associated with ALL?

A

Hyperdiploidy is common e.g. 51-65 chromosomes being present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What may be seen in a blood film that indicates AML?

A

Auer rods may be seen in AML, these are elongated structures of granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does chronic leukaemia tend to present?

A

Weight loss, tiredness, night sweats, splenomegaly, anaemia

17
Q

What cytogenetics are heavily implicated in CML?

A

Philadelphia chromosome is present (recipricol translation of chromosomes 9 and 22 which cretes a bcr-abl fusion gene leading to uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity, which means uncontrolled phosphorylation) there are increased granulocytes of all stages of maturation, with plenty of eosinophils and basophils

18
Q

What is the ‘philadelphia chromosome’?

A

Recipricol translation of chromosomes 9 and 22 which cretes a bcr-abl fusion gene leading to uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity, which means uncontrolled phosphorylation ==> uncontrolled proliferation of granulocytes –> associated with CML

19
Q

What are the phases of CML disease?

A

> Chronic phase = 3-5 years
Accelerated phase = 3-6 months
Blast crisis = 3 months (followed by death)

20
Q

What is the treatment of CML?

A

Imatinib (small molecule inhibitor of bcr-abl, due to philadelphia chromosome)

21
Q

What is CLL?

A

Proliferation of small mature B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Presentation is ordinarily around 65-70 years of age with most patients being asymptomatic and diagnosed on the basis of a routine blood test.

22
Q

How might CLL present in bloods?

A

Normochromic, normocytic anaemia, reduced platelets, lots of lymphocytes with smear cells

23
Q

How is CLL treated/managed?

A

May require observation, but indications for treatment include: autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, ITP, systemic systems, bone marrow failure and organomegaly

24
Q

What is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?

A

Where there is ineffective production of blood cells usually in the elderly but this can transform into acute myeloid leukaemia.

25
Q

Outline the process of bone marrow donation

A

A patient or donor is given G-CSF subcutaneously for 4 days to mobilise CD34+ stem cells into the peripheral blood, which can then be collected on day 5 by leucapheresis

26
Q

Outline the blood results for ALL

A

Normocytic anaemia, low platelets, high WCC (due to lots of blasts)

27
Q

Outline the blood results for CLL

A

Normocytic anaemia, low platelets, high lymphocytes and low neutrophil count

28
Q

Outline the blood results for AML

A

Macrocytic anaemia, low platelets, high WCC (increase blasts)

29
Q

Outline the blood results for CML

A

Normocytic anaemia, high granulocytes, high platelets

Year 3: CSP & PH (59 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions