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Normal OB > Lesson 3B (Part 1) > Flashcards

Lesson 3B (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Infertility

A

A medical condition revolving around a couple’s inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
- no conception after 12 months of unprotected intercourse

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2
Q

Primary (1°) infertility

A

The absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years, during which they have not used any contraceptives
- stillborns and miscarriages do not count

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3
Q

Secondary (2°) infertility

A

Absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives
- have had a child in the past

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4
Q

What are 3 male infertility factors?

A
  1. Abnormal sperm production or function
  2. Problems with the delivery of the sperm
  3. Overexposure to certain environmental factors
    - damage related to cancer and its treatment
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5
Q

What are examples of abnormal sperm production or function? (3)

A
  1. Low sperm count
  2. Abnormal sperm morphology
  3. Abnormal motility of sperm
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6
Q

Sperm count

A

The number of sperm in the ejaculate

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7
Q

How much sperm is normally ejaculated?

A

15-150 million per mL or 22 million total per ejaculation

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8
Q

Sperm morphology

A

Sperm must be alive and healthy

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9
Q

Sperm motility

A

How well the sperm can travel through the females reproductive system

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10
Q

What does abnormal sperm production or function cause? (5)

A
  1. Undescended testicles
  2. Genetic defects/ hormonal imbalance
  3. Health problems
    - diabetes
  4. Infections
    - chlamydia, gonorrhea, mumps, HIV, etc.
  5. Varicocele
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11
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testicles

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12
Q

Varicocele

A

Enlarged veins of pampiniform plexus

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13
Q

What is the problem with varicocele?

A

Enlarged veins can have an increase in temperature which will interfere with the quality of the sperm cells

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14
Q

What do problems with the delivery of sperm cause? (2)

A
  1. Sexual problems

2. Structural problems/blockages

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of sexual problems?

A
  1. Premature ejaculation

2. Erectile dysfunction

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16
Q

What are 3 examples of structural problems/blockages?

A
  1. In the efferent ducts, vas deference, ejaculatory ducts after prostate surgery, urethra
  2. Damage or injury to the reproductive organs
  3. Retrograde ejaculation into the bladder
17
Q

What are factors of overexposure to certain environmental? (4)

A
  1. Pesticides and other chemicals, and radiation
  2. Smoking, alcohol, or taking certain medications
  3. Frequent exposure to heat
    - eg. saunas or hot tubs
    - can raise the core body temperature and may affect sperm production
  4. Damage related to cancer and its treatment
    - eg. radiation or chemotherapy
18
Q

Female infertility factors

A

Any change in the females menstrual/hormone cycle

- the cycle is very delicate

19
Q

What are examples of female infertility factors? (4)

A
  1. Ovulation disorders
  2. Damage to the fallopian tubes
    3, Endometriosis
  3. Uterine or cervical causes
20
Q

What are 3 examples of ovulation disorders?

A
  1. Polycystic ovary syndrome
    - PCOS
  2. Primary ovarian insufficiency
  3. Hypothalamic dysfunction
21
Q

What does polycystic ovary syndrome cause?

A

A hormone imbalance

- which affects ovulation

22
Q

What are the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome? (4)

A
  1. Oligo/Amenorrhea PCOS
  2. Obesity, hirsutism
  3. Infertility
  4. Multiple small cysts in the ovaries
23
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

Irregular periods

- >3 months between

24
Q

Amenorrhea

A

No periods

  • 1° - never had a period
  • 2° - have had normal periods before
25
Q

What is another word for premature ovarian failure?

A

Primary ovarian insufficiency

26
Q

Primary ovarian insufficiency

A

Females under 40 years old whose ovaries do not function appropriately

27
Q

Why would a female under 40 years old not have ovaries function appropriately? (2)

A
  1. Low estrogen production

2. Irregular ovum release

28
Q

Why would a female have low estrogen production and irregular ovum release under the age of 40?

A

Caused by an autoimmune response or by premature loss of eggs from ovary
- possibly from genetics or chemotherapy

29
Q

Hypothalamic dysfunction

A

Not having the proper coordination in order to release the proper hormones needed for fertility

30
Q

What can FSH and LH production be disrupted by? (3)

A
  1. Excess physical or emotional stress
  2. A very high or very low body weight
  3. A recent substantial weight gain or loss
31
Q

Hyperprolactinemia

A

Excess production of prolactin

- can inhibit FSH and LH production

Normal OB (18 decks)

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