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Normal OB > Lesson 1B (Part 2) > Flashcards

Lesson 1B (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the frequency range for a transabdominal probe?

A

3-5MHz

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2
Q

What is the frequency range for a transvaginal probe?

A

5-10MHz

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3
Q

What happens with a higher resolution probe?

A

Less penetration

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4
Q

When is a transvaginal probes used in pregnancies? (2)

A
  1. During the early stages

2. Later pregnancies to asses the cervix

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5
Q

Transperineal US

A

Correctly evaluates sphincters in patients with fecal incontinence, postpartum and also following surgical repair of obstetric tears
- 3-5MHz probe

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6
Q

Translabial US

A

Is the most commonly used imaging method in the investigation of women with lower urinary tract symptoms and female pelvic organ prolapse
- 3-5MHz probe

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7
Q

What can transperineal and translabial US do? (2)

A
  1. Less intrusive

2. Can provide useful information in later pregnancies

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8
Q

What kind of information does transperineal and translabial US provide? (2)

A
  1. Cervix length

2. Fetal head positioning

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9
Q

What must be done to sonogrpahic equipment?

A

Calibrated and/or serviced routinely

- cleaned appropriately on a per use basis

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10
Q

Who is able to request for an obstetrical US? (3)

A
  1. Physicians
  2. Obstetricians
  3. Midwives
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11
Q

What is important to do for continual quality patient care?

A

Provide appropriate documentation

  • images of all normal/abnormal areas are documented
  • gestational age and measurements
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12
Q

What do all images require in an OB exam? (3)

A
  1. Date of the exam
  2. Appropriate patient identification
  3. Right and left side of the anatomy
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13
Q

What does most US software contain?

A

An Obstetrical calculation package

- summarizes important measurements

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14
Q

What AIUM statements does Sonography Canada endorse? (2)

A
  1. No independently confirmed adverse effects caused by exposure from present diagnostic ultrasound instruments
  2. Fetal ultrasound should be performed only when there is a valid medical reason, and the lowest possible ultrasonic exposure settings and should be used to gain the necessary diagnostic information under the ALARA Principle
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15
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

- this is the main principle behind all ultrasound examinations and patient safety

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16
Q

What 2 things contribute to patients exposure and need to be minimized?

A
  1. Output intensity

2. Exposure time

17
Q

Minimizing output intensity

A

Appropriate quality control to maintain appropriate output settings on ultrasound equipment

18
Q

How do you minimize the output intensity? (4)

A
  1. Reducing power settings on the machine
  2. Using Doppler (higher intensity) only when necessary
  3. Only when medically necessary
  4. Perform examinations as efficiently as possible
    - minimize repeat examinations
19
Q

Thermal bioeffects

A

Some of ultrasound energy is absorbed by the tissue it travels through

20
Q

What does thermal bioeffetcs cause?

A

Increase in temperature of the tissues

21
Q

What can heat affect? (2)

A
  1. Chemical reactions
  2. Molecular bonds
    - potential teratogen
22
Q

Teratogen

A

Agent causing malformation of embryo

23
Q

Thermal index

A

Is a measurement of ultrasound conditions that can change the temperature of a tissue

24
Q

What does thermal index 1 indicate?

A

That the tissues may increase in temperature 1°C

25
Q

What is the thermal index threshold for potentially hazardous conditions?

A

1.5-2 deg C

26
Q

What is TI for soft tissue?

A

< 8 weeks

27
Q

What is TI for bone?

A

> 8 weeks

28
Q

Why does bone have a lower output for a thermal index?

A

Has a higher attenuation

29
Q

What should the mechanical index be less than?

A

1.9

30
Q

What does mechanical bioeffects have a potential for?

A

Cavitation

31
Q

Cavitation

A

Is a phenomenon in which rapid changes of pressure in a liquid lead to the formation of small vapor-filled cavities, in places where the pressure is relatively low
- when subjected to higher pressure, these cavities, called “bubbles” or “voids”, collapse and can generate an intense shock wave

32
Q

TI

A

Thermal index

Normal OB (18 decks)

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