Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > (Lesson 3) Chapter 4-Tissues > Flashcards

(Lesson 3) Chapter 4-Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function. Between cells are nonliving materials called extra cellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epithelium

A

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity. Almost all outer and inner surfaces of the body are lined with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Special Characteristics of Epithelia Cellularity

A

Cellularity-made of almost entirely cells, very little extracellular matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Special Characteristics of Epithelia Specialized Contacts

A

Adjacent epithelial cells are directly joined at many points by special cell junctions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Special Characteristics of Epithelia Polarity

A

cells near apical surface differ from cells at the basal surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Special Characteristics of Epithelia Support by connective tissue

A

All epithelial sheets are supported by layer of connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Special Characteristics of Epithelia Avascular but innervated

A

Most tissues are vascular (contain blood vessels), but epithelia is avascular (lacks blood vessels). Epithelia receives nutrients from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue. Although blood vessels do not penetrate epithelial sheets, nerve endings do. Epithelia is innervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Special Characteristics of Epithelia Regeneration

A

Epithelia has high regenerative capacity. Cells are destroyed through various means but as long as they are receiving adequate nutrition they can be replaced quickly by cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

Simple (one layer) or Stratified (multiple layers). Then by shape: Squamos (Platelike, flat), Cuboidal (like cubes), or columnar (taller than they are wide). The shape of the nucleus conforms to that of the cell so identifying the nucleus can help determine what type it is. Squamos nuclei are disks, cuboidal are spherical, and columnar are elongated ovals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Simple Squamos Epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells. Used for diffusion or filtration. Walls of capillaries are exclusively this type. Thinness encourages exchange of nutrients and waste. Also form thin walls of the air sacs where gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Single layer of cubed shaped cells. Forms walls of ducts of glands and tubules in the kidney. Also for diffusion or filtration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer of tall cells aligned like soldiers in a row. Lines the digestive tube from stomach to anal canal. Functions in the active movement of molecules-absorption, secretion, and ion transport. Thin enough to allow large numbers of molecules to pass through it quickly and thick enough to house cells needed to perform complex processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cilia

A

whiplike bristles on the apex of some epithelial cells that beat rhythmically to move substances across certain body surfaces. Simple Ciliated columnar epithelia is found inside uterine tube to help move ovum to uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Varied in height. All cells rest on basilar membrane but only tall cells reach the apical surface. Nuclei lie at different levels, giving the false impression that epithelium is stratified. Functions in secretion and absorption. A ciliated type lines the respiratory tubes to propel sheets of dust-trapping mucus out of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stratified Squamos Epithelia

A

Many squamos cell layers. In the deeper layers the cells are cuboidal or columnar. This cell type is the thickest and best adapted for protection. Forms epidermis, inner lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina. Forms outermost layer of skin and extends a certain distance into every body opening directly continuous with the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Keratin

A

Tough protective protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Keratinized

A

Surface cells of epidermis contain keratin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar Epithelia

A

Rare types of tissue, located in the ducts of sweat, mammary, and salivary glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transitional Epithelia

A

Lines the inside of the hollow urinary organs. Transitions in shape from 6 layers to 3 as organs stretch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glands

A

Organs that secrete a product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secretion

A

The process whereby gland cells obtain needed substances from the blood and transform them chemically into a product that is discharged from the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

External Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Internal Secretion. Lack ducts. Secrete directly in to the tissue fluid that surrounds them. These glands produce messenger molecules call hormones (Exciters). Hormones then enter capillaries and travel through bloodstream to specific target organs far removed from the glands that produced the hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Basal Lamina/Basement membrane

A

Consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells. Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules from the connective tissue can enter epithelia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Connective Tissue

A

The most diverse and abundant type of tissue. 4 Main types: Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, Bone Tissue, and Blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A
  1. Supports and binds other tissues. 2. Holds body fluids. 3. Defending the body against infection 4. Stores nutrients as fat
27
Q

Mesenchyme (Connective Tissue Type)

A

Found abundantly in embryos. All connective tissue originates from this.

28
Q

Areolar (Connective Tissue Type)

A

Cushions. A connective tissue in which fibers are loosely arranged in a net or meshwork.

29
Q

Dense (Connective Tissue Type)

A

Fibrous connective tissue. Contains more collagen than areolar, which are arranged for strength-tendon or ligament. Can resist extremely strong pulling forces.

30
Q

Adipose (Connective Tissue Type)

A

Similar to Areolar in structure and function, but stores more nutrients. Fat cells (lipids) account for 90% of mass. Used for storage and insulation.

31
Q

Cartilage (Connective Tissue Type)

A

Rubbery, gristle, resists compressive forces.

32
Q

Collagen

A

a major protein, is the matrix molecule that gives rise to bundles of strong fibers. The nonliving component of connective tissue is called “extracellular matrix.

33
Q

Bone (Connective Tissue Type)

A

Osteocytes are surrounded by a calcified extracellular matrix. Supports and protects body structures.

34
Q

Blood (Connective Tissue Type)

A

The fluid inside blood vessels. Does not bind, support. Is connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme cells. Blood cells are surrounded by nonliving matrix-liquid blood plasma-which is the transportation vehicle for cardiovascular system.

35
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Muscle tissue is responsible for most movement in the body. It functions by contraction, is primarily controlled by the nervous system, and performs in both voluntary and involuntary movement. Muscle tissue is highly cellular and well vascularized.

36
Q

Muscle Types

A

Muscle Tissue, Skeletal Muscle Tissue, and Cardiac muscle tissue.

37
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

comprises the organs of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves). It is composed of neurons, the functional unit of the tissue, and supporting cells which provide nourishment, protection, and insulation. Nervous tissue conducts electrical impulses and delivers them throughout the body.

38
Q

Skin

A

The largest organ in the body.

39
Q

Epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that contains 4 types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel Cells, and Langerhans cells

40
Q

Keratinocytes

A

the most abundant epidermal cells. Produce Keratin.

41
Q

Keratin

A

a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties. Also produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals to which the skin is exposed.

42
Q

Hypodermis

A

The hypodermis is the deep layer of skin and is comprised of adipose and areolar connective tissues. It serves to anchor the skin to underlying muscle. It allows the skin to slide freely.

43
Q

Skin functions

A

protection (chemical, physical, and biological barriers) temperature regulation cutaneous (skin) sensation metabolic functions blood reservoir excretion

44
Q

Thick skin

A

Found on palms of hands and soles of feet. Consists of five layers (strata).

45
Q

Thin skin

A

Found everywhere else, only consists of four layers (strata).

46
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

From external to internal, are corneum (horny), lucidum (clear-not in thin skin), granulosum (granular), spinosum Spiny), and basale (base). Can Lazy Gary Swim Backwards.

47
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Found in stratum basale. Each cell is associated with a sensory nerve ending.

48
Q

Melanocytes

A

10-25% of cells in the stratum basale. Spider shaped. Make dark skin pigment called melanin. provides dark skin pigment (color) and offers protection from UV radiation; its levels increase in response to sunlight.

49
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Part of the immune system. Shaped like stars. They take up foreign proteins that have invaded the epidermis.

50
Q

Dermis

A

It is strong yet flexible. Dense connective tissue with an abundance of collagen comprises this layer. It is your “hide,” and when you “tan” it (in the case of animals) you have leather! It is both vascularized and innervated, meaning that it bleeds and hurts when you damage it.

51
Q

Carotene

A

a pigment obtained by eating plants, can accumulate in the epidermis, giving an orange hue to the skin

52
Q

Hemoglobin

A

within the blood gives skin a reddish hue. In the absence of oxygen, e.g., a drowned person, the blood loses its reddish color (the victim appears bluish).

53
Q

Nails

A

scalelike modification of the epidermis. Like hair, nails contain hard keratin. They grow from the lunula (nail matrix).

54
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

Sweat glands. 2.5 million glands function as evaporative coolers producing up to 12 liters of sweat per day.

55
Q

Eccrine glands

A

More numerous than apocrine. Produce true sweat. Most abundant on palms, soles and forehead. Run through pores.

56
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Mostly confined to the axillary, anal, and genital areas. Sweat consists of fatty substances and proteins, along with true sweat. Run through hair follicles. odorless until decomposes and then takes on a musky smell (body odor)

57
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Skin’s oil glands. On the whole external surface of the body minus palms and soles. They produce sebum. Most are associated with hair follicles.

58
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

The way sebum is secreted. Central cells in the alveoli accumulate oily lipids until they become engorged and burst apart. Whole cells burst to form the product.

59
Q

Sebum

A

Collects dirt, lubricates hair and skin, slows water loss, and helps kill bacteria

60
Q

Acne

A

When so much sebum is produced that it cannot be ducted from the glands quickly enough. The sebaceous gland is blocked by sebum and is likely to become infected by bacteria, inducing inflammation.

61
Q

Vitiligo

A

An abnormality of skin pigmentation characterized by light spots surrounded by areas or normally pigmented skin. Can be cosmetically disfiguring, especially in dark-skinned people. Melanin is missing; this pigment is also found in the retina, normally hiding the capillaries.

62
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of the melanocytes, or the melanin-producing cells of the stratum basale. Most dangerous of skin cancers.

63
Q

Other skin cancers

A

Basale Cell Carcinoma, Squamos Cell Carcinoma

Anatomy (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions