Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A
  • reproductive cycle
  • female organs undergo changes
  • averages 28 days
  • affects all reproductive organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Female Internal reproductive organs

A
  • gonads=ovaries
  • accessory ducts
    • uterine tubes
    • uterus
    • vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ovaries

A
  • paired
  • amond shaped
  • 3 cm by 1.3 cm by 1 cm
  • lie against the bony lateral wall of true pelvis
    • in the fork of iliac vessels
  • smooth in young girls
  • scarred and pitted after puberty from monthly release of ova
  • retroperitoneal but surrounded by peritoneal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mesovarium

A
  • mesentery of ovaries
  • horizontal
  • holds ovaries in place
  • part of broad ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Broad ligament of peritoneum

(ovaries)

A
  • large fold of peritoneum
  • hangs from uterus and uterine tube like a tent
  • contains mesovarium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

suspensory ligament of the ovary

A
  • lateral continuation of broad ligament
  • attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ovarian ligament

A
  • anchors ovary to uterus medially
  • distinct fibrous band enclosed within broad ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Veins, arteries and nerves of ovary

A
  • ovarian arteries
    • branches of abdominal aorta
  • ovarian branches of uterine arteries
    • arise from internal iliac artery
  • veins, nerves and arteries reach ovary through the suspensory ligament and then through mesovarium
  • innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tunica albuginea

ovary

A
  • fibrous capsule that surrounds ovary
  • much thinner than tunica albuginea of testis
  • covered by germinal epithelium
    • ​simple cuboidal epithelium
    • does not germinate ova
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ovarian cortex

A
  • houses the developing gametes (oocytes) while in the ovary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

developing gametes in females

A

oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

follicles

A
  • little bags
  • saclike multistructure in which oocytes occur
  • enlarge substantially as they mature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ovarian medulla

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • containes the largest blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels of the ovary
    • enter through hilium
      • slit where mesovarium attaches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ovarian cycle

A
  • mestrual cycle in relation to ovary
  • Phases:
    1. Follicular phase (first 1/2)
    2. ovulation
    3. luteal phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Follicular phase

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • the start of each ovarian cycle
  • 6-12 primordial follicles start to grow
  • lasts two weeks
  • growth is stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
    • ​from anterior part of pituitart gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

primordial follicles

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • the majority of follicles in the ovarian cortex
  • from which all follicle stages arise
  • consist of:
    • oocyte surrounded by follicular cells
      • ​a layer of flate supportive cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

primary follicle

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • primordial follicle starts to grow
  • flat cells become cuboidal
  • oocyte grows larger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

granulosa cells

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • follicular cells multiply to form a stratified epithelium around oocyte
  • follicular cells are now granulosa cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

zona pellucida

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • the oocyte’s glycoprotein coat
  • protective shell that a sperm must penetrate to fertilize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

theca folliculi

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • “box around the follicle”
  • a layer of connective tissue that condenses around the exterior of the primary follicle
  • theca cells are stimulated by luteinizing hormones to secrete androgens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

estrogens

A
  • female sex hormones
  • granulosa cells under the influence of FSH convert the theca cells’ androgens into estrogen
  • stimulates growth and activity of all female sex organs
  • signal uterine mucosa to repair itself after each menstrual period
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

antrum

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • fluid filled cavity
  • a clear liquid gathers between granulosa cells and coalesces, forming this cave
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

secondary (antral) follicle

A
  • once antrum is formed, follicle is now this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

corona radiata

A
  • a surrounding coat of granulosa cells
  • “radiating crown”
  • antrum expands with fluid until it isolates oocycte and this on a stalk at the periphery of the follicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

vesicular (graafian) follicle

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • a full-sized mature follicle
  • 2cm in diameter (almost 1 inch)
  • ready to be ovulated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ovulation

A
  • midpoint of ovarian cycle
  • one oocyte exits from one of the ovaries into peritoneal cavity
  • swept into uterine tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Luteal Phase

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • second half of ovarian cycle
  • corpus luteum does not die
  • corpus luteum scretes estrogen and progesterone
    • signaling mucosa of uterus to prepare for implantation
  • if there is no implantation, corpus luteum dies and becomes a scar that is eventually phagocytized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

corpus luteum

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • remaining granulosa and theca layers after ovulation
  • endocrine gland
    • secretes estrogen and progesterone
    • signals uterus to prepare for implantation
  • dies after two weeks if there is no implantation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

corpus albicans

(ovarian cycle)

A
  • “white body”
  • scar from corpus luteum
  • stays in ovary several months
  • shrinks until it is phagocytized by microphages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • process of ova production
  • “egg generation”
  • uses meiosis like spermatogenesis
  • takes many years to complete
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

oogonia

A
  • stem cells in the fetal period
  • give rise to females lifelong supply of oocytes
  • are arrested in an early stage of meiosis I around birth
    • turned to primary oocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

primary oocytes

A
  • oocytes stalled in meiosis since birth
  • remain stalled for decades until ovulated by their follicle
  • Do not finish meiosis I and begin meiosis II until influence of LH that signals ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

secondary oocyte

A
  • oocyte entering meiosis II
  • arrested again until sperm penetrates its plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ovum

A
  • egg is called ovum after completion of meiosis II
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

polar bodies

A
  • three smaller cells produced by oogenesis (apart from large ovum)
  • contain primarily DNA
  • degenerate quickly without being fertilized or contributing to development of embryo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

uterine tubes

A
  • aka oviducts
  • aka fallopian tubes
  • receive the ovulated oocyte
  • site for fertilization
  • begins laterally near ovary
  • ends medially, emptying into superior part of uterus
  • Contains: infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
  • little or no direct contact with the ovaries
  • most common place for ectopic pregnancies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

infundibulum

A
  • lateral region of uterine tube
  • open funnel
  • opens into peritoneal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

fimbrae

A
  • surrounds the margin of the infundibulum
  • ciliated, fingerlike projections
  • drape over ovary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ampulla

A
  • medial to the infundibulum
  • forms half the length of the uterine tube
  • site where fertilization occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

isthmus

A
  • narrow passage
  • medial third of uterine tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mesosalpinx

A
  • a short mesentery that covers the uterine tube
  • a part of the broad ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

salpingectomy

A
  • surgical removal of the uterine tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

salpingitis

A
  • inflammation of uterine tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

PID

A
  • widespread infection that originates in vagina and uterus
  • spreads to uterine tubes, ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum
  • occurs in 10% of women in USA
  • caused by chlamydia or gonorrheal infection
  • symptoms: tenderness of lower abs, fever, vaginal discharge
  • A single episode can cause infertility if not halted
    • due to scarring that blocks uterine tubes
  • broad-spectrum antibiotics can stop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Uterus

A
  • womb
  • lies in pelvic cavity
  • anterior to rectum
  • posterosuperior to bladder
  • hollow, thick walled organ
  • shape and size of small inverted pear in women who havent been pregnant
  • Function:
    • receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg throughout pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Uterus positioning

A
  • normally antiverted: tilted anteriorly at the superior part of vagina
  • in older women it is often retroverted.
    • ​inclined posteriorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

body of uterus

A
  • main portion of uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

fundus of uterus

A
  • rounded region superior to entrance of uterine tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

isthmus of uterus

A
  • slightly narrow region inferior to the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

cervix of uterus

A
  • beneath isthmus
  • narrow neck
  • the inferior tip that projects into the vagina
  • contains a lot of collagen
  • forms a tough, fibrous ring that keeps uterus closed and fetus within it during pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

cervical canal

A
  • part of the central lumen of the uterus
  • communicates with the vagina inferiorly
  • mucosal lining of canal contains *cervical glands *that fill canal with muscus to block spread of bacteria and sperm entry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

external os

of cervical canal

A
  • os=mouth
  • communication of cervical canal with vagina inferiorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

internal os

cervical canal

A
  • os=mouth
  • communication of cervical canal with the cavity of body (part of lumen of uterus) superiorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Supports of the uterus

A
  • Main support provided by muscles of the pelvic floor
    • urogenital and pelvic diaphragms
  • mesomenterium
  • lateral cervical (cardinal) ligaments
  • round ligaments of uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

mesomenterium

(uterine support)

A
  • anchors uterus to lateral pelvic walls
  • largest division of the broad ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

lateral cervical (cardinal) ligaments

(uterine support)

A
  • run horizontally from uterine cervix and superior vagina to lateral pelvic walls
  • thickenings of the fascia of the pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

round ligaments of the uterus

(uterine support)

A
  • binds uterus to anterior body wall
  • each starts as a continuation of ovarian ligament of superolateral aspect of the uterus
  • descends through the mesomenterium and inguinal canal
  • anchors in one of the labia major of the external genitalia
58
Q

Uterine Wall

A
  • inner endometrium
  • middle myometrium
  • outer perimetrium
59
Q

Prolapse of Uterus

A
  • when supporting pelvic floor muscles are torn during childbirth
  • unsupported uterus sinks inferiorly
  • tip of cervix portrudes through the external vaginal opening
60
Q

perimetrium

of uterine wall

A
  • outer serous membrane of uterine wall
  • the peritoneum
61
Q

myometrium

of uterine wall

A
  • bulky middle layer of uterine wall
  • interlacing bundles of smooth muscle
  • contract during childbirth to expel baby from body
62
Q

endometrium

of uterine wall

A
  • mucosal lining of the uterine cavity
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • contains secretory and ciliated cells
  • underlain by lamina propria connective tissue
  • In fertilization the embryo burrows into endometrium and resides there during development
  • two layers:
    • stratum functionalis
    • stratum basalis
    • PLUS uterine glands
63
Q

stratum functionalis

of endometrium

of uterine tube

A
  • thick inner layer of endometrium
  • undergoes cyclic changes in response to varying levels of ovarian hormones in the blood
  • is shed during menstruation (every 28 days)
64
Q

stratum basalis

A
  • thin basal layer of endometrium
  • not shed
  • responsible for forming new functional later after menstruation ends
65
Q

uterine glands

of endometrium

of uterine tube

A
  • tubular
  • change lengths as endometrium thins and thickens
66
Q

blood supply of uterus

A
  • uterine arteries
  • arcuate arteriess
  • radial arteries
  • spiral (coiled) arteries
67
Q

uterine arteries

(blood supply of uterus)

A
  • arise from the internal iliac arteries of pelvis
  • ascend along sides of uterine body
  • send branches into the uterine wall
  • divide into arcuate arteries
68
Q

Arcuate Arteries

(blood supply of uterus)

A
  • branches of uterine arteries
  • course through the myometrium
  • give rise to radial arteries
69
Q

Radial Arteries

(blood supply of uterus)

A
  • branch from aruate arteries
  • reach endometrium
  • give rise to *straight arteries *
70
Q

straight arteries

(blood supply of uterus)

A
  • Branch from radial arteries
  • AKA basal arteries
    *
71
Q

Uterine Cycle

A
  • the menstrual cycle as it involves the endmetrium
  • series of phases that endometrium undergoes month after month as it responds to changing levels of ovarian hormones in blood
  • closely coordinates with ovarian cycle
  • dictated by FSH and LH
  • 3 phases:
    1. menstrual phase (Days 1-5): Stratum functionalis is shed
    2. proliferative phase (days 6-14): functionalis rebuilds
    3. secretory phase (days 15-28): endometrium prepares for implantation of embryo
72
Q

endometriosis

A
  • fragments of endometrial tissue are present in the uterine tubes, on the ovary, and in the peritoneum of pelvic cavity
  • probably spread by reflux of menstrual fluid
  • extreme pain is caused from fragments responding to ovarian hormones
  • blood accumulates in pelvic cavity, forms cysts, and exerts pressure
  • present in up to 10% of women of reproductive age
  • causes 1/3 of all infertility in females
    • endometrial tissue blocks uterine tubes or covers ovaries
  • Treatment involves
    • drugs that halt estrogen secretion and suppress menstruation
    • Lasers that vaporize endometrium
    • hysterectomy
      *
73
Q

Vagina

A
  • Sheath
  • thin walled tube
  • lies inferior to the uterus
  • anterior to rectum
  • posterior to urethra and bladder
  • aka birth canal
  • receives penis and semen during intercourse
74
Q

histology of vagina

A
  • outer adventitia of fibrous connective tissue
  • muscularis of smooth muscle
  • inner *mucosa *marked by transverse folds (rugae)
    • lamina propria with elastic fibers that help vagina return to original shape after expanding
    • stratified squamous epithelium
      • can withstand intercourse friction and resist bacterial infection
  • Rugae
    • flatten as vagina expands during childbirth
    • stimulate penis during intercourse
75
Q

vaginal orifice

A
  • the vagina’s external opening
76
Q

hymen

A
  • near vagina’s external opening
  • incomplete diaphragm of mucous
  • vascular
  • tends to bleed when ruptured during the first sexual intercourse
  • durability varies
    • in some it is delicate and can rupture:
      • during sports
      • inserting a tampon
      • pelvic exam
    • in some it is so tough that it must be breached surgically if intercourse is to occur
77
Q

fornix

A
  • the recess formed where the widened superior part of the vagina encircles the tip of the cervix
  • posterior fornix is deepest part
78
Q

external genitalia

A
  • aka vulva (covering)
  • aka pudendum
  • the female reproductive organs that lie external to vagina
  • include:
    • mon pubis
    • labia
    • clitoris
    • vestibule structures
79
Q

mons pubis

A
  • “mountain on pubis”
  • fatty, rounded pad overlying the pubic symphysis
  • pubic hair covers this after puberty
80
Q

labia majora

A
  • extends posteriorly from mons pubis
  • two long fatty skin folds
  • covered in hair
  • female counterpart (homologue) of scrotum
    • derive from same embryonic structure
81
Q

labia minora

A
  • enclosed within labia majora
  • two thin folds of skin
  • hairless
  • enclose the vestibule
82
Q

vestibule

external genitalia

A
  • “entrance hall”
  • houses the external openings of the urethra and vagina
  • vaginal orifices lie posterior to the urethral orifice
  • pea sized *greater vestibular glands *lie lateral to vaginal orifices
    • secrete lubricating mucous during sexual arousal to facilitate penis entry
83
Q

fourchette

A
  • extreme posterior point of the vestibule
  • right and left labia minora form a ridge
  • aka *frenulum of the labia *
    • ​”little bridle of the lips”
84
Q

clitoris

A
  • just anterior to the vestibule
  • “hill”
  • a portruding structure composed largely of erectile tissue
  • sensitive to touch
  • swells with blood during sexual stimulation
  • homologous (female counterpart) to penis
    • has both glans and body (no urethra within)
85
Q

prepuce of the clitoris

A
  • a fold of skin that covers clitoris
  • formed by anterior junction of the labia minoras
86
Q

corpora cavernosa

of clitoris

A
  • body of clitoris contains this
  • continue into the crura
    • extend along the bony pubic arch
  • contains no corpus spongiosum
    • homologous to bulbs of the vestibule
87
Q

bulbs of the vestibule

A
  • homologous to corpora spongiosum in penis
  • lie along each side of the vaginal orifice
  • directly deep to bulbospongiosum muscle
  • engorge with blood during sexual stimulation
  • may help grip penis within vagina
  • this and the base of clitoris squeeze urethral orifice shut during intercourse
    • closes off urethra, perhaps to prevent infectious bacteria up to the bladder
88
Q

perineum

A
  • diamond shaped region
  • between pubic arch anteriorly
  • coccyx posteriorly
  • ischial tuberosities laterally
  • central tendon or perineal body lies at the exact center
    • knobby insertion tendon of most muscles that support pelvic floor
89
Q

episiotomy

A
  • procedure to widen vaginal orifice during birth
  • 50-80% of deliveries in USA
  • avoids tearing of central tendon by babies head
  • widened by a posterior cut through the fourchette when baby’s head appears in vestibule
  • After birth cut is sewed up
90
Q

Mammary glands

A
  • Breasts
  • modified sweat glands
  • present in both sexes
  • only function in lactating females when they produce milk to nourish an infant in response to hormonal stimulation
91
Q

nipple

A
  • the central protruding area from which an infant sucks milk
  • surrounded by areola
92
Q

areola

A
  • a ring of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
  • during nursing, large sebacious glands here produce oily sebum that minimizes chapping and cracking of nipple skin
93
Q

lobes of mammary glands

A
  • 15-25
  • each is distinct compound alveolar gland
  • opening at the nipple
  • separate from each other by adipose tissue and interlobar connective tissue
94
Q

suspensory ligaments of the breasts

A
  • large amounts of adipose tissure
  • strips of interlobar connective tissue
  • run from the underlying skeletal muscles to overlying dermis
  • provide support for the breasts
95
Q

lobules of the mammary glands

A
  • smaller units in the lobes of the breast
  • tiny alveoli or acini clustered like grapes
    • simple cuboidal epithelium of milk-secreting cells
96
Q

lactiferous ducts

A
  • “Milk Carrying”
  • from alveoli, milk passes through progressively larger ducts
  • the largest of the ducts
  • lie within and deep to nipple
  • just deep to areola
97
Q

lactiferous sinus

A
  • each lactiferous duct has one
  • where milk accumulates during nursing
98
Q

acrosomal reaction

events leading to fertilization

A
  1. sperm reach oocyte
  2. sperm binds to receptors on zona pellucida around oocyte
  3. undergo acromosomal reaction
    1. digestive enzymes release from acromosomes
    2. enzymes digest a slit into zona
    3. sperm wriggles through slit to reach oocyte
    4. plasma membrane of sperm fuses w/ membrane of oocyte
    5. sperm nucleus is englufed by cytoplasm
    6. Fusion induces cortical reaction
99
Q

cortical reaction

A
  • granules in the oocyte secrete enzymes into the extracellular space beneath the zona pellucida
  • enzymes in alter zona pellucida and destroy the sperm receptors
  • prevent any other sperm from binding to and entering the egg
100
Q

fertilization

A
  • occurs the moment chromosomes from male and female come together within ovum (ampulla of uterine tube)
  • fertilized egg, zygote, then ititiates cleavage

[image is implantation of blastocyst]

101
Q

implantation

A
  • 6 days after fertilization the blastocysts begins implantation process
  • the act of burrowing into the endometrium
  • blastocyst consists of
    • inner cell mass (future embryo)
    • outer trophoblast
102
Q

trophoblast

A
  • “nourishment generator”
  • outer layer of blastocyst
  • will provide embryo with nourishment from uterus of mother
103
Q

cytotrophoblast

A
  • “cellular part of trophoblast”
  • Inner layer of trophoblast when cells proliferate and form two distinct layers
  • where cell proliferation occurs
104
Q

syncytiotropholast

A
  • outer layer of trophoblast
  • “the part of the trophoblast with fused cells”
  • where cells lose their plasma membranes
  • cells fuse into multinuclear mass of cytoplasm
  • projects invasively into endometrium
  • digests uterine cells it contacts
105
Q

lacunae

of syncytiotrophoblast

A
  • celftlike spaces
  • open within syncitiotrophoblast
  • quickly fill with maternal blood that leaks from degraded endometrial blood vessels
106
Q

extraembryonic mesoderm

(formation of placenta)

A
  • rise from proliferating trophoblast on external surface
107
Q

chorion

(formation of placenta)

A
  • formed from extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblast layers
  • folds into fingerlike villi called chorionic villi
108
Q

chorionic villi

(formation of placenta)

A
  • fingerlike villi
  • from folds in the chorion
  • contact lacunae containing maternal blood
109
Q

body stalk

(formation of placenta)

A
  • connecting stalk
  • connects the embryo’s body to the outside chorion
  • extraembryonic mesoderm
  • umbilical arteries and veins grow into it from embryo’s body
  • forms the core of future umbilical cord
110
Q

decidua basalis

(formation of placenta)

A
  • the part of the mother’s endometrium adjacent to the complex chorionic villi and umbilical cord
111
Q

Formation of placenta

A
  • completed during months 2 and 3
  • chorionic villi near umbilical cord grow in complexity
  • chorionic villi elsewhere ultimately disappear
112
Q

decidua capsularis

(formation of placenta)

A
  • endometrium opposite of decidua basalis
  • on the uterine-luminal side of emplanted embryo
  • expands to accomodate growing embryo (fetus)
  • completely fills the uterine lumen by month 4
113
Q

placenta

A
  • “cake”
  • at month 4 it is formed by the decidua basalis and chorionic villi
  • thick, pancake-shaped disc at the end of umbilical cord
  • noruishes the fetus for 6 months until birth
114
Q

placenta previa

A
  • “appearing in front of”
  • 1 in 200 pregnancies
  • embryo implants in the inferior part of the uterine wall (normally superior part)
  • placenta may cover internal os of cervix
  • bleeding the last 3 months of pregnancy
  • bed rest is prescribed
  • # 1 reason for cesarean section
115
Q

placental abruption

A
  • placenta is in normal position
  • placenta becomes partially separated from uterine wall before birth
  • 8 times more common than placenta previa
  • also produces vaginal bleeding during pregnancy
  • can interfere with fetal development by reducing delivery of nutrients and oxygen to fetus
116
Q

parturition

(childbirth)

A
  • “bring forth young”
  • act of giving birth
  • avg 266 days after fertilization
  • 280 days after last menstrual period
117
Q

labor

A
  • the events that expel the infant from the uterus
  • Three stages:
    1. Dilation
    2. expulsion
    3. placental stage
118
Q

Stage 1: Dilation

Parturition

A
  • begins with first regular contractions of uterus
  • ends when cervix is fully dilated (10 cm in diameter) by baby’s head
  • longest part of labor
    • 6-12 hours or more
119
Q

Stage 2: Expulsion

Parturition

A
  • lasts from full dilation to delivery (actual childbirth)
  • uterine contractions become stronger and stronger
  • mother has urges to bear down with abdominal muscles
  • typically lasts 50 minutes in first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births
  • can take up to 2 hours
120
Q

Stage 3: Placental Stage

Parturition

A
  • delivery of placenta
  • within 15 minutes after birth of infant
  • Forceful contractions that continue after birth compress uterine blood vessels
    • limits bleeding
    • causes pacenta to detach from uterine wall
  • remove placenta by slight tug on umbilical cord
  • umbilical arteries and veins counted as screen for cardiovascular disorders
121
Q

Testicular Cancer

A
  • affect 1 of every 50,000 males
  • most often between ages 15 and 35
  • firm painless tumors
  • pain may be associated with swelling of testis
  • curable if detected early enough
  • men are advised to examine their testis regularly for lumps felt through scrotum
  • most lumps discovered are not cancer, but pockets of harmless fluid called varicoceles and hydroceles
122
Q

Testicular cancer in USA

and treatment

A
  • becoming increasingly common
  • 95% cured in all cases
  • death rates are falling
  • treatment involves:
    • removal of affected testis
    • radiotherapy
    • chemotherapy
123
Q

prostate cancer

A
  • slow growing cancer
  • arises from main gland in prostate
  • symptomless in early stages
  • can eventually grow sufficiently to impinge on the urethra and block urine flow
  • after growing large, metastasizes to bony pelvis, lower back, and bones
124
Q

Commonality and risk factors Prostate Cancer

A
  • second most common cause of cancer death in men (after lung cancer)
  • kills 3% of all men in the US
  • twice as common in blacks than whites
  • half as common in asians
  • risk factors:
    • fatty diet
    • genetic predisposition
      • more hereditary components than most cancers
125
Q

Detecting prostate cancer

A
  • Later stages:
    • digital rectal examination
    • ultrasound imaging with device inserted into rectum
  • PSA tests: Measuring blood levels of prostate-specific antigens (PSA)
    • detect prostate cancer in 70-80% of all cases
    • recommended to all men over 50
126
Q

Therapy for Prostate Cancer

A
  • detected before metastasis:
    • radical prostatectomy (removal of prostate)
    • radiation therapy
  • After metastasis:
    • no effective control measures available
    • cancer grows slowly and rarely kills
127
Q

Ovarian Cancer

A
  • arises from cells in germinal epithelium covering the ovary
  • affects 1.4% of women
  • 5th most common cause of cancer deaths in women
  • produces few symptoms until it enlarges sufficiently to produce:
    • feeling of pressure in pelvis
    • changes in bowel or bladder habits
128
Q

Diagnosing and treating ovarian cancer

A

Diagnosing:

  • feeling a mass during a pelvic exam
  • visualizing it by using an ultrasound probe placed in the vagina
  • using a blood test for protein CA-125

Treatment:

  • surgical removal of ovary, uterine tubes, and uterus
  • radiotherapy
  • chemotherapy

Prognosis is poor if metastasis has occured

129
Q

Endometrial Cancer

A
  • rises from endometrium of uterus/uterine glands
  • 4th most common cancer of women
  • 2% of all women develop it
  • sign=bleeding from vagina
  • Risk factors:
    • obesity
    • post menopausal estrogen-replacement therapy
  • Diagnosis involves ultrasound inserted into vagina to detect endometrial thickening, followed by endometrial biopsy
  • Treatment:
    • Removal of uterus
    • pelvis irradiation
  • high cure rate of 40-95%
130
Q

Cervical Cancer

A
  • usually appears in ages 30 to 50
  • occurs in 1% of US women
  • slow growing cancer
  • starts at epithelium covering the tip of the cervix
  • 90% of cases are transferred sexually by spreading human papollomavirus
131
Q

Papanicolaou (pap) smear

A
  • cervical smear test
  • most effective way to detect cervical cancer in earliest stage (precancerous)
  • cervical epithelial cells are scraped off and examined for abnormalities
132
Q

treatment of cervical cancer

A
  • removed by freezing or laser if cancerous cells are confined to cervix
    • survival rate is over 95%
  • if cancer has spread throughout pelvic organs:
    • radiation + chemotherapy=5 year survival rate over 70%
  • women over 18/sexually active women are advised to have pap smear every 1-3 years
133
Q

Cancers in women

A

From most deadly:

  1. Lung cancer
  2. breast cancer
  3. colorectal cancer
  4. Endometrial cancer
134
Q

Breast Cancer

A
  • Arises from the smallest ducts in the lobules of the breast
  • 97% of cases occur in women over 55
  • 1/8 women will develop breast cancer
  • women should perform a monthly self eval for:
    • lumps
    • change in size/shape
    • scaling on nipple or or areola
    • discharge from nipple
    • orange peel dimpling
135
Q

Risk factors of breast cancer

A
  • Family history of breast cancer
  • late menopause
  • early onset puberty
  • first live birth after age of 30
  • postmenopausal estrogen-replacement therapy

All bust history reflect lifelong exposure to increased estrogen levels:

  • stimulates division of duct cells
  • promotes cancer
136
Q

Path of breast cancer

A
  • metastasizes from breast through lymphatic vessels
  • to axillary and parasternal lymph nodes
  • to chest wall, lungs, liver, brain, and bones
  • if reaches lungs or liver, survival is less than 6 months
137
Q

Mammogram

A
  • Screening technique to enable early detection
  • greatly reduces morality rate
  • women over 50 get mammogram annually
  • suspicious masses are biopsied and examined microscopically to check for cancer
138
Q

radical mastectomy

A
  • removal of entire affected breast
  • plus all underlying muscles, fascia and associated lymph nodes
  • performed only in most advanced cases
139
Q

lumpectomy

A
  • standard treatment of breast cancer
  • removal of cancerous mass
  • plus small rim of surrounding tissue
  • followed by radiation therapy
  • then administration of hormones and chemotherapy
140
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA IN BOTH SEXES

IMAGE

A

Anatomy (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions