Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > (LESSON 12) Central and Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

(LESSON 12) Central and Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Brain at week 4

A

Arises as the rostral part of the neural tube in embryo, immediately starts to expand. Constrictions that define three primary brain vesicles appear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three early vesicles of brain

A

-prosencephalon (forebrain) -mesencephalon (midbrain) -rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Caudal portion of tube becomes spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

brain at week 5

A

3 primary vesicles give rise to 5 secondary brain vesicles.

  • Prosencephalon divides into
    • telencephalon (endbrain)
    • diencephalon (interbrain)
  • Mesencephalon remains
  • Rhombencephalon divides into
    • metencephalon (afterbrain)
    • myelencephalon (brain most like spinal cord)

Also develops two major bends:

  • midbrain flexure
  • cervical flexure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Telencephalon Development

A

Has two lateral swellings that look like mouse ears and develop into the two cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum.

Lateral Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diencephalon development

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mesencephalon development

A

Forms midbrain, brain stem. Cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Metencephalon development

A

brainstem: pons, cerebellum, part of fourth ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Myelencephalon development

A

medulla oblongata, part of fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Embryonic Development of the brain

(image)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Gray matter of the brain and is 2-4cm thick. Gives us consciousness and enables voluntary action. Bilateral and divided into the sensory (precentral gyrus) and motor (postcentral gyrus) areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensory Areas

(Cortical Areas)

A

cortical areas involved with conscious sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Motor areas

(Cortical Areas)

A

cortical areas that control motor functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Multimodal Association Areas

(Cortical Areas)

A

Cortical areas tie sensory information together with memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lateralization of Cortical Functioning

A

Left hemisphere:

  • language
  • math
  • logic

Right hemisphere:

  • visual-spatial skills
  • emotion
  • art
  • music
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A
  • deep to the gray matter of the cortex
  • provides communication for gray matter
  • association fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere.
  • projection fibers ascend or descend to or from (respectively) the cerebral cortex.
  • commissures are nerve fibers that run between the two hemispheres. (largest=corpus callosum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • surrounded by the cerebrum
  • composed of
    • thalamus: “gateway to the cerebral cortex”
    • hypothalamus: main visceral control center
    • epithalamus: contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • autonomic control center
  • emotional response center
  • body temperature regulation
  • hunger and thirst sensations
  • control of motivational behavior
  • regulation of sleep-wake cycles
  • control of endocrine system
  • formation of memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disorders caused by injury to hypothalamus

A
  • severe weight loss or obesity
  • sleep disturbances
  • dehydration
  • emotional disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cerebellum (little brain)

A

processes inputs from the

  • cerebral motor cortex
  • brain stem nuclei
  • sensory receptors
  • provides the timing and patterns of skeletal contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A
  • Made mostly in choroid plexus
  • About 1 liter/day is produced
  • gives buoyancy (reduces the weight of the brain by 97 percent)
  • cushions
  • nourishes (hormones, vitamins, ions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Meningitis

A

Caused when flow and drainage of the cerebral spinal fluid in the subarachanoid space and ventricles are blocked. Meninges inflames from bacterial or viral infection. Infection can spread to enderlying nervous tissue and cause brain inflammation called encephalitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Blood brain barrier

A
  • maintains stable environment in the brain
  • blood-borne substances separated from the brain by endothelial capillary walls with abundant tight junctions
  • permeable to fat-soluble molecules, some anesthetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Meninges

(image)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Progressive degenerative disease that eventually results in dementia
  • 5-15% over the age of 65 develop it
  • Memory loss, shortened attention span, depression, and disorientation.
  • Structural changes (areas associated with memory):
    • basal forebrain nuclei
    • hippocampus
    • association areas of cerebral cortex
  • Brain tissue contains senile plaques containing amyloid-beta peptide (between neurons), caused by an APP (amyloid precursor protein) build up, and neurofibrillar tangles (within neurons)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Comprised of all neuron structures outside the CNS. Divided into cranial and spinal nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Efferent Neurons vs Afferent Neurons

A

Efferent=conducting messages away from CNS towards an effector organ such as a muscle or gland.

Afferent=conducting sensory information towards the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • part of the efferent (motor) division of the PNS
  • motor innervation of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

(divisions of ANS)

A
  • Sympathetic: fight or flight
  • Parasympathetic: vegetative function (digestion and resting)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Gustation

A

Taste.

  • Papilla on tongue contain taste buds
  • Saliva dissolves stimulating molecules (in foods) which bind to the microvilli cell membrane
  • Innervation of taste receptors through facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity/superior nasal concha/superior nasal septum. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contain bipolar neurons called **olfactory receptor cells. **These are surrounded by columnar **supporting cells. **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Olfactory Cilia

A

Each receptor cell has an apical dendrite that projects to the epithelial surface and ends in a knob from which these long cilia radiate, acting as receptive structures for smell.

32
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

when the axons of the receptor cells bundle together to create filaments of the olfactory nerve. It penetrates the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone and enters the olfactory bulb of the forebrain.

33
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

thin, flat sphincter muscle that surrounds the orbit. Closes, blinks, squints.

34
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Muscle that voluntarily opens the eye. Runs anteriorly from posterior roof of the orbit, enters the upper eyelid, and inserts on the tarsal plate.

35
Q

Tarsal glands

A

modified sebaceous glands embedded in the tarsal plates. 25 of these glands line up side by side in the upper eyelid, with fewer in the lower eyelid. Release an oul that lubricates the surface of the eye.

36
Q

iris

A

“rainbow”. The visible, colored part of the eye. Lies between cornea and lens, base attaches to ciliary body. Contains pupil.

37
Q

Rod cells

A

photoreceptors that are more numerous, more sensitive to light, and permit vision in dim light. Provide neither sharp images nor color vision so things look gray and fuzzy in the dark.

38
Q

Cone cells

A

Photo receptors that operate best in bright light and enable high-acuity color vision. Blue, red and green light are the three subtypes of cone cells.

39
Q

Macula lutea

A

“Yellow spot”. Lies precisely at the eye’s posterior pole. Special area of the retina. Houses Fovea centralis. Contains mostly cones and density of cones declines with increasing distance from the macula. This is why peripheral vision isnt as sharp as central vision.

40
Q

Fovea centralis

A

“Central pit”. Lies directly at the center of macula lutea. A tiny pit that contains only cones and provides maximal visual acuity. This is why things are most clearly seen when we look directly at them.

41
Q

lens

A

thick, transparent, biconvex disc that changes shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina. It is enclosed in a thick capsule and is held in place posterior to the iris by its ciliary zonule. Lacks blood vessels to maintain transparency.

42
Q

Visual pathway

A

Visual information travels to the cerebral cortex through this.

43
Q

Optic nerve

A

axons of the ganglion cells exit eye through this.

44
Q

Optic Chiasma

A

the crossing, or decussation of the axons of the medial eye which lies anterior to the hypothalamus.

45
Q

Optic tract

A

Uncrossed axons from the lateral side of the ipsilateral retina and crossed axons from the medial side of the contralateral retina. Tracts sweep posteriorly around hypothalamus and send most of their axons to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

46
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

A

site where the optic tract axons synapse with thalamic neurons. Post synaptic neurons project through the internal capsule to form the optic radiation of fibers in the cerebral white matter.

47
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

In the occipital lobe, where the fibers from optic radiation input and conscious perception of visual images occur.

48
Q

Optic vesicles

A

At week 4, paired lateral outgrowths portrude from diencephalon.

49
Q

Optic cups/optic stalks

A

hollow optic vesicles indent to form double layered optic cups. The proximal parts of the outgrowths, the optic stalks, form the basis of the optic nerves.

50
Q

Lens placode

A

the thickening of the ectoderm, signaled by the growing optic vesicle once it reaches the overlying surface of the ectoderm.

51
Q

Lens Vesicle

A

the invagination of the placode by week 5. Shortly after the lens pinches off into the optic cup and becomes the lens.

52
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness, image focused in front of the retina- distant objects are blurry

53
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness, image focused behind retina- close objects appear blurry

54
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Thin, translucent membrane that soundwaves hit. TM vibrates and transfers energy to bones of the middle ear.

55
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

Eustachian Tube. Links middle ear to pharynx. 4 cm long. Normally flat but can be opened during swallowing or yawning to equalize airpressure in the middle ear.

56
Q

cochlea

A

Spiraly bony chamber the size of a pea. Where hearing is perceived. Made up of cochlear duct (scala media filled with endolymph), scala tympani and scala vestibuli (filled with perilymph fluid).

57
Q

Equilirbirum

A
  • measures the position and movement of the head to create balance
  • occurs within the vestibule and the semicircular canals
  • transmits through the vestibular nerve to the lower brain centers (not the cerebral cortex!!)
58
Q

examples of sympathetic nervous system

A

during vigorous exercise or an emergency situation, the sympathetic nervous system accelerates your heartbeat and breathing rate while dilating the pupils and diverting blood from the skin to more vital organs such as the brain and heart.

59
Q

examples of parasympathetic nervous system

A

More active when the body is at rest. Conserves energy, directs vital activities. Heart rate and respiratory rates are at normal low levels, gastrointestinal tract is digesting food, pupils are constricted as the eyes focus for close vision.

60
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of peripheral axons

61
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of peripheral cell bodies.

62
Q

During embryonic development, the lens of the eye form from what type of epithelia?

A
63
Q

Ectoderm

A
64
Q

Taste buds are found:

A
65
Q

Majority on surface of tongue, but also found on the posterior region of the palate, inner surface of cheeks, posterior wall of pharnyx, and on the epiglottis

A
66
Q

The gustatory pathway

[Image]

A
67
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

a dorsal root of the spine that contains cell bodies of nerve cells (neurons) that carry signals from sensory organs toward the appropriate integration center.

68
Q

Anatomy of cochlea

[image]

A
69
Q

Structural and Functional Areas of Cerebral Cortex

[Image pg 396]

A
70
Q

Lobes, sulcui, and fissures of cerebral hemispheres

[image pg 394]

A
71
Q

Tic Douloureux

A

Compression of the trigeminal nerve by an adjacent blood vessel causes degeneration and loss of the myelin sheath that surrounds the sensory nerve fibers. Impulses in nerve fiber that carry touch sensations also stimulate pain fibers in the same nerve, leading to perception of pain in the brain from even the softest touch to the face.

72
Q
A

A-Iris

B-Pupil

C-Anterior Chamber

D. Optic Nerve

E. Ciliary Muscle

73
Q
A

A-Superior Rectus

B-Inferior Rectus.

Also pictured: Lateral rectus, tarsal plate/glands, orbicularis oculi muscle, conjunctival sac, bulbar conjuntiva, Palpebrae fissure, cornea, palpebrae conjunctiva.

74
Q
A

A-semicircular canals

b-cochlea

c. Tympanic membrace

d stapes

75
Q
A

A-Vestibular membrane

B-Tectorial Membrane

C- Scala Media or cochlear duct

D- Scala tympani.

Also pictured: Scala vestibuli, stria vascularis, organ of corti, basilar membrane, spiral ganglion.

See pg 501

76
Q
A

A- Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure. MUCH deeper than a sulcus

B- Temporal Lobe

C- Medulla Oblongata?

77
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Anatomy (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions