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A & P1 for PCP > Lectures 4, 5, 6 - Physiology Of Respiration > Flashcards

Lectures 4, 5, 6 - Physiology Of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Vol moved into and out of respiratory tract during normal respiratory cycle 0.5L

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2
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Max vol that can be moved into respiratory tract after a normal inspiration 3.0 - 3.3L

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3
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Max vol that can be moved out of the respiratory tract after a normal expiration 1.0 - 1.2L

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4
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Vol remaining in respiratory tract after max expiration 1.2L

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5
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Total amount of exchangeable air

TV + IRV + ERV

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6
Q

Pulmonary capacities

A

The sum of 2 or more pulmonary volumes

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7
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

TV + IRV

The max amount of air an individual can inspire after normal expiration 3.5 - 3.8L

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8
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

ERV + RV

amount of air left in lungs at the end of normal expiration 2.2 - 2.4 L

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9
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Total vol of air a long can hold (5.7 - 6.2L)

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10
Q

Dead space volume

A

Air that does not contribute to gas exchange ~30% of TV

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11
Q

Alveolar ventilation volume

A

TV - Dead Space

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12
Q

Total minute volume

A

TV (ml/cycle) x respiration rate (cycles/min)

•Typically ~6000mL/min

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13
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Vol of inspired air that actually reaches the alveoli -> only this vol of air takes part in gas exchange btw air and blood

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14
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Air in passageways that don’t participate in gas exchange (ex. Pharynx, larynx)

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15
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Anatomical dead space + the volume of any nonfunctioning alveoli
• alveoli must be properly ventilated for adequate gas exchange

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16
Q

Alveolar perfusion

A

Blood flow to alveoli

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17
Q

How is alveolar perfusion accomplished

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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18
Q

Matching ventilation and perfusion

A

Maximizes gas exchange

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19
Q

Organs of upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

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20
Q

Organs of lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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21
Q

Respiratory areas

A

Groups of neurons in brainstem that control breathing
• adjust rate & depth of breathing
• center of medulla and group of the pons

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22
Q

Factors affecting breathing

A 
Partial pressure of oxygen PO2
•partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2
•degree of stretch in lungs
•emotional state
•level of physical activity 
•changes in blood PH
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23
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex

A
  • Step 1: motor impulses travel from respiratory center to diaphragm & intercostal muscles
  • Step 2: contraction of these muscles cause lungs to expand stimulating mechanoreceptors in the lungs
  • Step 3: inhibitory impulses from mechanoreceptors back to respiratory center prevent over inflation of the lungs
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24
Q

Mechanorecptors

A

The bronchi and bronchioles: detect stretching and inhibits inspiration thus provoking expiration (prevents tearing of alveoli)

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25
Control of respiratory rhythm is essential for
Chemical regulation (concentration of gases maintained at optimal levels)
26
Partial pressure
•In gases pressure of 1 gas related to its concentration •gases will dissolve in liquid until partial pressure s are equal PO2 lungs~ PO2 blood
27
Gas exchange at lungs
Oxygen into blood and CO2 removed from blood
28
4 factors that contribute to rate of exchange in external respiration
- O2 pressure gradient - total functional surface area of resp membrane - repiratory minute volume - alveolar ventilation
29
Key structural features of lungs and resp system
1. Walls of alveoli and capillaries very thin 2. Have extreamly large surface area 3. Lung capillaries accommodate a large amount of blood 4. Blood distributed so each RBC is very close to alveolar air
30
Respiratory membrane
- Part of wall of alveoli made of cells that secrete surfactant (type 2 cell) - bulk of wall of alveolus consists of simple squamous epithelium (type 1 cells) - both layers make resp membrane through which gas exchanged
31
Diffusion through resp membrane
concentration gradient drives diffusion | - resp membrane normally thin and gas exchange rapid
32
Gas transport in blood
Gases transported by specific carriers or dissolved directly as solutes - chemically CO2 and O2 both react after dissolving - allows more gas to dissolve in blood
33
Hemoglobin
- Reddish pigment in RBC | - quarternary protein with 1 iron (Fe) atom also called heme group
34
Transport of oxygen
- actual concentration in plasma is low - 1g Hgb can carry 1.34 mL of O2 - equilibrium of Hgb and O2
35
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
- amount of O2 released from oxyhemoglobin increases with: PCO2, PH of blood, Temperature
36
Transport of CO2
- Carbamino compounds are created when CO2 binds to and amino group - mainly formed with Hgb = carbaminohemoglobin - equilibrium reaction - bicarbonate ions formed when CO2 dissolves in H2O - catalyzed by an enzyme: carbonic anhydrase - 2 step reaction, equilibrium
37
Chloride shift
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions diffuse out RBCs - Chloride (Cl-) ions from plasma diffuse into RBCs - electrical balance maintained (electrical equilibrium)
38
Carbon dioxide and PH
* all equilibrium with CO2 produce H+ ions * this lowers PH of blood ( increases acidity) * important consequence for homeostasis
39
Internal respiration
Systemic gas exchange btw blood and tissue cells, oxygen unloaded CO2 loaded
40
Eupnea
Normal respiration rate
41
Hyperpnea
Increased respiration rate
42
Apnea
Lack of breathing
43
Dyspnea
Difficult breathing
44
Hyperventilation
Increased respiration rate and volume. | -body reaction to increased levels of CO2 or acids in blood
45
Why we breath?
ATP production and CO2 generation forming carbonic acid
46
Ventilation
Movement of air into and out of lungs
47
External respiration definition
Exchange of gases between air in lungs at the alveoli and the blood
48
Transport of gases definition
Binding and disassociating of gases into blood and RBCs for movement through body
49
Internal respiration definition
Exchange of gases between blood and cells
50
Cellular respiration definition
Process of using oxygen to generate ATP at cellular level
51
Upper respiratory tract function
- Passageways for respiration - receptor for smell - filters incoming air of large foreign material - moisten and warms incoming air - resonating chamber for voice
52
Nose
Air filtered, warmed, moistened, chem examined - vibrissae( nose hair) filter large particulates - conchae slows and stirs (3 levels) - mucus membrane rich blood supply and filters
53
Nasal cavity
Mucus layer that's secreted by goblet cells to catch particulates
54
Paranasal sinuses
Sun-filled spaces for buoyancy and fluid storage and circulation - maxillary - frontal - ethmoid - sphenoid
55
Pharynx and 3 portions
``` Back of oral cavity between nasal cavity and larynx - 3 portions Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx ```
56
Larynx
Maintains open airway, routes food and air, assists sound production - below pharynx above trachea - made of muscle and cartilage Intrinsic and extrinsic muscle group
57
Larynx cartillage
Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic | Accessory cartilage: arytenoid, cuneiform, carniculate
58
Trachea
"Windpipe" transports air to and from lungs | Extends down in front of esophagus into thoracic cavity and splits into left and right primary bronchi
59
Bronchial tree components
``` R and L primary bronchi Secondary or lobar bronchi Tertiary or segmental bronchi Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli ```
60
Veins in body vs in lungs
In body veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart In lungs carry oxygenated blood to heart Always going to heart
61
Arteries in body vs in lungs
Arteries in body carry oxygenated blood from heart to various part of body In lungs artery carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and alveoli Always away from heart
62
Lungs structure
Soft spongy cone shaped organs R - 3 lobes and 2 fissure ( oblique and horizontal) L - 2 lobes to make room for heart and 1 fissure (oblique) Contains : Stroma - elastic CT Blood vessels Motor neurofibers (parasympathetic and sympathetic) Pleura (÷ thoracic cavity into 3 mediastinum, R and L lung)
63
Immune system in respiratory 2 cells
``` Goblet cells = traps particles and slows foreign bodies Mast cells = provide parasitic immunity with histamines ```
64
Pulmonary ventilation
Act of breathing in and out
65
Inspiration
Diaphragm flattens creating vacuum pulling air into lungs
66
Expiration
Diaphragm and muscles relax and push air out of lungs
67
Primary principal of ventilation
Air moves from area higher pressure to area lower pressure ( down its pressure gradient)
68
Pb
Atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) at sea level 760 mmHg
69
Pa
Alveolar pressure (dynamic)
70
Pip
Itrapleural pressure
71
Boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2 Decreasing volume increases collision which increases pressure Ideal gas law : PV = nRT
72
Cellular respiration and 3 steps names
Process where cell uses oxygen to break down glucose to H2O sand CO2 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Elcwctron transport chain (ETC)
73
Glycolysis ( word break down)
Sugar - break down
74
Glycolysis: where it happens and what comes out of it
Occurs in cytosol of cells - anaerobic process - some ATP and NADH (electron carrier) produced - makes 2 Pyruvate that can then enter aerobic or anaerobic pathways
75
Glycolysis steps
Glucose 6C-> uses 2 ATP and leaving 2 ADP to break down to Fructose 1, 6 - biphosphate -> uses 2 x 2 ATP leaving 2x2 ADP and 2x2 NAD+ leaving 2x2 NADH to break down to 2 x Pyruvate (3C) Total production 2-Pyruvate, 4-ATP , 4 NADH
76
Net reaction Glycolosis
Glucose +2NAD+ + 2ADP +2Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH Pi = phosphate group
77
Citric acid cycle basic function
Takes pyruvate created in glycolysis and does repeating set of reactions that remove CO2 and electrons - creates NADH and FADH2 to be used in ETC - uses coenzyme A (CoA) - occurs in mitochondria and uses alot of enzymes w
78
Citric acid cycle net reaction
Pyruvate +4NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi + H2O --> 3CO2 + 4NADH + FADH2 + ATP This reaction happens twice as 2 pyruvate from glycolysis
79
Glycolosis to CAC
Pyruvate gets rid of 1 CO2 to gain CoA creating Acetyl CoA | - then losses CoA to enter Krebs cycle
80
What happens to CO2 lost in transition to Krebs cycle and during cycle itself
Get put back into blood to be transported back to lungs fo gas exchange
81
When is majority of ATP
In ETC up to 34
82
Structure of mitochondria membranes
Outer : selectively permeable and surrounds mitochondria | Inner: folds inward to form surface for cellular respiration
83
Where does ETC occur
Between inner and outer membrane of mitochondria
84
How does ETC produce ATP
Using NADH and FADH2 created in CAC they carry e- to mitochondria. Special proteins in mitochondria membranes break them down to release the e- then carry them across proteins in membrane to create ATP .
85
How are hydrogen ions pumped out of mitochondria matrix
Energy from electrons jumping off NADH &FADH2 push H+ ions out
86
What is final e- acceptor in ETC
O2 and this creates H2O( reason breathing vital)
87
What finally creates the ATP in ETC
H+ ions coming back into mitochondria matrix through specialized protein pump mixing with ADP to make ATP

A & P1 for PCP (19 decks)

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