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A & P1 for PCP > Lectures 4, 5, 6 - Physiology Of Respiration > Flashcards

Lectures 4, 5, 6 - Physiology Of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Vol moved into and out of respiratory tract during normal respiratory cycle 0.5L

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2
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Max vol that can be moved into respiratory tract after a normal inspiration 3.0 - 3.3L

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3
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Max vol that can be moved out of the respiratory tract after a normal expiration 1.0 - 1.2L

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4
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Vol remaining in respiratory tract after max expiration 1.2L

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5
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Total amount of exchangeable air

TV + IRV + ERV

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6
Q

Pulmonary capacities

A

The sum of 2 or more pulmonary volumes

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7
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

TV + IRV

The max amount of air an individual can inspire after normal expiration 3.5 - 3.8L

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8
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

ERV + RV

amount of air left in lungs at the end of normal expiration 2.2 - 2.4 L

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9
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Total vol of air a long can hold (5.7 - 6.2L)

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10
Q

Dead space volume

A

Air that does not contribute to gas exchange ~30% of TV

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11
Q

Alveolar ventilation volume

A

TV - Dead Space

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12
Q

Total minute volume

A

TV (ml/cycle) x respiration rate (cycles/min)

•Typically ~6000mL/min

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13
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Vol of inspired air that actually reaches the alveoli -> only this vol of air takes part in gas exchange btw air and blood

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14
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Air in passageways that don’t participate in gas exchange (ex. Pharynx, larynx)

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15
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Anatomical dead space + the volume of any nonfunctioning alveoli
• alveoli must be properly ventilated for adequate gas exchange

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16
Q

Alveolar perfusion

A

Blood flow to alveoli

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17
Q

How is alveolar perfusion accomplished

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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18
Q

Matching ventilation and perfusion

A

Maximizes gas exchange

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19
Q

Organs of upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

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20
Q

Organs of lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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21
Q

Respiratory areas

A

Groups of neurons in brainstem that control breathing
• adjust rate & depth of breathing
• center of medulla and group of the pons

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22
Q

Factors affecting breathing

A 
Partial pressure of oxygen PO2
•partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2
•degree of stretch in lungs
•emotional state
•level of physical activity 
•changes in blood PH
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23
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex

A
  • Step 1: motor impulses travel from respiratory center to diaphragm & intercostal muscles
  • Step 2: contraction of these muscles cause lungs to expand stimulating mechanoreceptors in the lungs
  • Step 3: inhibitory impulses from mechanoreceptors back to respiratory center prevent over inflation of the lungs
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24
Q

Mechanorecptors

A

The bronchi and bronchioles: detect stretching and inhibits inspiration thus provoking expiration (prevents tearing of alveoli)

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25
Q

Control of respiratory rhythm is essential for

A

Chemical regulation (concentration of gases maintained at optimal levels)

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26
Q

Partial pressure

A

•In gases pressure of 1 gas related to its concentration
•gases will dissolve in liquid until partial pressure s are equal
PO2 lungs~ PO2 blood

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27
Q

Gas exchange at lungs

A

Oxygen into blood and CO2 removed from blood

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28
Q

4 factors that contribute to rate of exchange in external respiration

A
  • O2 pressure gradient
  • total functional surface area of resp membrane
  • repiratory minute volume
  • alveolar ventilation
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29
Q

Key structural features of lungs and resp system

A
  1. Walls of alveoli and capillaries very thin
  2. Have extreamly large surface area
  3. Lung capillaries accommodate a large amount of blood
  4. Blood distributed so each RBC is very close to alveolar air
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30
Q

Respiratory membrane

A
  • Part of wall of alveoli made of cells that secrete surfactant (type 2 cell)
  • bulk of wall of alveolus consists of simple squamous epithelium (type 1 cells)
  • both layers make resp membrane through which gas exchanged
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31
Q

Diffusion through resp membrane

A

concentration gradient drives diffusion

- resp membrane normally thin and gas exchange rapid

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32
Q

Gas transport in blood

A

Gases transported by specific carriers or dissolved directly as solutes

  • chemically CO2 and O2 both react after dissolving
  • allows more gas to dissolve in blood
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33
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Reddish pigment in RBC

- quarternary protein with 1 iron (Fe) atom also called heme group

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34
Q

Transport of oxygen

A
  • actual concentration in plasma is low
  • 1g Hgb can carry 1.34 mL of O2
  • equilibrium of Hgb and O2
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35
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • amount of O2 released from oxyhemoglobin increases with: PCO2, PH of blood, Temperature
36
Q

Transport of CO2

A
  • Carbamino compounds are created when CO2 binds to and amino group
  • mainly formed with Hgb = carbaminohemoglobin
  • equilibrium reaction
  • bicarbonate ions formed when CO2 dissolves in H2O
  • catalyzed by an enzyme: carbonic anhydrase
  • 2 step reaction, equilibrium
37
Q

Chloride shift

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions diffuse out RBCs

  • Chloride (Cl-) ions from plasma diffuse into RBCs
  • electrical balance maintained (electrical equilibrium)
38
Q

Carbon dioxide and PH

A
  • all equilibrium with CO2 produce H+ ions
  • this lowers PH of blood ( increases acidity)
  • important consequence for homeostasis
39
Q

Internal respiration

A

Systemic gas exchange btw blood and tissue cells, oxygen unloaded CO2 loaded

40
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal respiration rate

41
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Increased respiration rate

42
Q

Apnea

A

Lack of breathing

43
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult breathing

44
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased respiration rate and volume.

-body reaction to increased levels of CO2 or acids in blood

45
Q

Why we breath?

A

ATP production and CO2 generation forming carbonic acid

46
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs

47
Q

External respiration definition

A

Exchange of gases between air in lungs at the alveoli and the blood

48
Q

Transport of gases definition

A

Binding and disassociating of gases into blood and RBCs for movement through body

49
Q

Internal respiration definition

A

Exchange of gases between blood and cells

50
Q

Cellular respiration definition

A

Process of using oxygen to generate ATP at cellular level

51
Q

Upper respiratory tract function

A
  • Passageways for respiration
  • receptor for smell
  • filters incoming air of large foreign material
  • moisten and warms incoming air
  • resonating chamber for voice
52
Q

Nose

A

Air filtered, warmed, moistened, chem examined

  • vibrissae( nose hair) filter large particulates
  • conchae slows and stirs (3 levels)
  • mucus membrane rich blood supply and filters
53
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Mucus layer that’s secreted by goblet cells to catch particulates

54
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Sun-filled spaces for buoyancy and fluid storage and circulation

  • maxillary
  • frontal
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid
55
Q

Pharynx and 3 portions

A 
Back of oral cavity between nasal cavity and larynx 
- 3 portions
Nasopharynx 
Oropharynx 
Laryngopharynx
56
Q

Larynx

A

Maintains open airway, routes food and air, assists sound production
- below pharynx above trachea
- made of muscle and cartilage
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscle group

57
Q

Larynx cartillage

A

Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic

Accessory cartilage: arytenoid, cuneiform, carniculate

58
Q

Trachea

A

“Windpipe” transports air to and from lungs

Extends down in front of esophagus into thoracic cavity and splits into left and right primary bronchi

59
Q

Bronchial tree components

A 
R and L primary bronchi
Secondary or lobar bronchi
Tertiary or segmental bronchi
Alveolar ducts 
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
60
Q

Veins in body vs in lungs

A

In body veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart
In lungs carry oxygenated blood to heart
Always going to heart

61
Q

Arteries in body vs in lungs

A

Arteries in body carry oxygenated blood from heart to various part of body
In lungs artery carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and alveoli
Always away from heart

62
Q

Lungs structure

A

Soft spongy cone shaped organs
R - 3 lobes and 2 fissure ( oblique and horizontal)
L - 2 lobes to make room for heart and 1 fissure (oblique)

Contains :
Stroma - elastic CT
Blood vessels
Motor neurofibers (parasympathetic and sympathetic)
Pleura (÷ thoracic cavity into 3 mediastinum, R and L lung)

63
Q

Immune system in respiratory 2 cells

A 
Goblet cells = traps particles and slows foreign bodies
Mast cells = provide parasitic immunity with histamines
64
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Act of breathing in and out

65
Q

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm flattens creating vacuum pulling air into lungs

66
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm and muscles relax and push air out of lungs

67
Q

Primary principal of ventilation

A

Air moves from area higher pressure to area lower pressure ( down its pressure gradient)

68
Q

Pb

A

Atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) at sea level 760 mmHg

69
Q

Pa

A

Alveolar pressure (dynamic)

70
Q

Pip

A

Itrapleural pressure

71
Q

Boyles law

A

P1V1 = P2V2
Decreasing volume increases collision which increases pressure
Ideal gas law : PV = nRT

72
Q

Cellular respiration and 3 steps names

A

Process where cell uses oxygen to break down glucose to H2O sand CO2
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Elcwctron transport chain (ETC)

73
Q

Glycolysis ( word break down)

A

Sugar - break down

74
Q

Glycolysis: where it happens and what comes out of it

A

Occurs in cytosol of cells

  • anaerobic process
  • some ATP and NADH (electron carrier) produced
  • makes 2 Pyruvate that can then enter aerobic or anaerobic pathways
75
Q

Glycolysis steps

A

Glucose 6C-> uses 2 ATP and leaving 2 ADP to break down to Fructose 1, 6 - biphosphate -> uses 2 x 2 ATP leaving 2x2 ADP and 2x2 NAD+ leaving 2x2 NADH to break down to 2 x Pyruvate (3C)

Total production 2-Pyruvate, 4-ATP , 4 NADH

76
Q

Net reaction Glycolosis

A

Glucose +2NAD+ + 2ADP +2Pi –> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Pi = phosphate group

77
Q

Citric acid cycle basic function

A

Takes pyruvate created in glycolysis and does repeating set of reactions that remove CO2 and electrons

  • creates NADH and FADH2 to be used in ETC
  • uses coenzyme A (CoA)
  • occurs in mitochondria and uses alot of enzymes w
78
Q

Citric acid cycle net reaction

A

Pyruvate +4NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi + H2O –>
3CO2 + 4NADH + FADH2 + ATP

This reaction happens twice as 2 pyruvate from glycolysis

79
Q

Glycolosis to CAC

A

Pyruvate gets rid of 1 CO2 to gain CoA creating Acetyl CoA

- then losses CoA to enter Krebs cycle

80
Q

What happens to CO2 lost in transition to Krebs cycle and during cycle itself

A

Get put back into blood to be transported back to lungs fo gas exchange

81
Q

When is majority of ATP

A

In ETC up to 34

82
Q

Structure of mitochondria membranes

A

Outer : selectively permeable and surrounds mitochondria

Inner: folds inward to form surface for cellular respiration

83
Q

Where does ETC occur

A

Between inner and outer membrane of mitochondria

84
Q

How does ETC produce ATP

A

Using NADH and FADH2 created in CAC they carry e- to mitochondria.
Special proteins in mitochondria membranes break them down to release the e- then carry them across proteins in membrane to create ATP .

85
Q

How are hydrogen ions pumped out of mitochondria matrix

A

Energy from electrons jumping off NADH &FADH2 push H+ ions out

86
Q

What is final e- acceptor in ETC

A

O2 and this creates H2O( reason breathing vital)

87
Q

What finally creates the ATP in ETC

A

H+ ions coming back into mitochondria matrix through specialized protein pump mixing with ADP to make ATP

A & P1 for PCP (19 decks)

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