Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P1 for PCP > Lecture 15 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is integumentary system made up of

A

The skin
- organ and epithelial membrane
Accessory organs
- sweat and sebaceous glands, hairs, nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 6 primary functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Regulation of body temperature
  2. Protection of the body from the environment
  3. Senses
  4. Excretion
  5. Certain specialized cells for the immune sys
  6. Synthesis of the vitamin D precursors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does integumentary system regulate body temp

A

Maintains it through evaporation

- increases and decreases in blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does integumentary system provide protection for the body from the environment

A 
Physical barrier to prevent things from getting in
- multiple layers of dead cells
Protection from UV Ray's
- melanin
Protection from Microorganisms 
- thin surface film on skin traps them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does integumentary system use senses

A 
Touch
- Meissner's corpuscles are the tough sensors
Temperature 
- thermoreceptors 
Pressure
- pacinian receptors 
Pain
- Nociceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is excreted by integumentary system (5)

A
  1. H2O
  2. Salts
  3. Urea
  4. Ammonia
  5. Uric acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What certain specialized cells for immune system are in the skin

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the importance of skin synthesis of the vitamin D precursors

A

Essential for the absorption of Ca2+ (calcium)

- for bone growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 distinct parts of the skin

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are epidermis and dermis linked to hypodermis

A

Through a functional interaction as hypodermis is the underlying layer
- hypodermis not considered part of skin proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the superficial layer of the skin

A

Epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is tissue origin of epidermis

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Structure of epidermis

A
  • no blood vessels or neural fibers

- stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 4 types cells that make up epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Dendritic cells
  4. Tactile cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is most abundant type of cell in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes 90% of epidermal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do keratinocytes produce

A

Keratin that is impermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are keratinocytes joined

A

Desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do melanocytes produce

A

Pigment that is transferred into the keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does accumulation of melanocytes do

A

Protects the keratinocytes DNA from the harmful effects of UV rays
- helps prevent melanoma (cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is another name for epidermal dendritic cells

A

Langerhan’s cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is function of dendritic cells and where do they originate from

A

Originate from bone marrow
Contribute to the activation of cells from the immune system
- a type of antigen presenting cell (APC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s another name for Tactile cells

A

Merkel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What to Tactile cells form

A

Tactile corpuscles / Merkel discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens when tactile corpuscles come in contact with sensory neurons

A

They play a role with touch which is the most sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does strata mean

A

Layers of epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many layers make thick skin

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many layers make thin skin

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does 5th layer mean

A

Cannot grow hair

- extra layer is stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are 4 layers of strata in order of most superficial to most deep

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe stratum corneum

A
  • cells are dead
  • Represented by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin.
  • glycolipids in extracellular space.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe stratum granulosum

A
  • cells are flattened
  • organelles deteriorating
  • cytoplasm full of lamellated granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe stratum spinosum

A

Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe stratum basale

A

Cells are actively mitotic stem cells

- some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Structure of basal layer (stratum basale or germinativum)

A
  • 1 row of columnar cells that rapidly divide
  • Principal layer of epidermis
  • attached firmly to underlying dermis with wavy borderline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Structure of prickly layer ( stratum spinosum)

A
  • 8 - 10 rows of cells connected by desmosomes
  • keratinocytes absorb the pigment of melanin from the melanocytes by phagocytosis
  • Langerhan’s (dendritic) cells are distributed amongst the keratinocytes
36
Q

Structure granular layer (stratum granulosum)

A
  • 3-5 rows of cells that produce granules of:
    a) keratohyalin
  • this favors the accumulation of keratin in the upper layers
    b) glycophospholipids
  • connected by tight junctions (forms barrier)
37
Q

Structure of clear layer (stratum lucidum)

A
  • 3-5 rows of clear, dead keratinocytes filled with a eleidin (protein)
  • only in the thick skin
38
Q

Structure of horny layer (stratum corneum)

A
  • 20-30 rows of dead cells filled with keratin, keratinized or cornified cells
  • cornu = horn
  • protection against abrasions
39
Q

What happens to dead cells on horny layer

A

They fall away and are replaced by the underlying layers

40
Q

What stimulates cell renewal

A

Epidermal growth factor

41
Q

What happens when there is repeated abraision to stratum corneum

A

There is increased mitotic activity by stratum basale which forms things like calluses

42
Q

What is contained in dermis ( 7)

A
  1. Elastic fibers
  2. Collagen fibers
  3. scattered cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages
  4. Nerve fibers
  5. Vascular supply
  6. Sweat and sebaceous glands
  7. Hair follicles
43
Q

What are 2 layers of dermis

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

44
Q

Structure of papillary layer

A

About 20% of the dermis
Loose CT containing thin elastic fibers
Contains projections called dermal papillae

45
Q

How does epidermis connect to dermis

A

With epidermal ridges interlocking to dermal papillae

46
Q

Special feature of papillae

A

Causes ripples at the surface of the epidermis because of presence of sweat glands

  • how you get fingerprints
  • enhance gripping ability of hands and feet
47
Q

Structure of reticular layer

A

About 80% of dermis
Made up of dense irregular CT having bundles of collagen and elastic fibers
•have tension lines (lines of cleavage or of langer)
- bundles are oriented in parallel lines (like fingers) and circular pattern (ex. Heart area )

48
Q

Structure of hypodermis

A
  • sub cutaneous layer or superficial fascia (sheath)
  • attached skin to underlying organs
  • loose fibrous CT
  • rich in adipocytes
49
Q

What 3 pigments make up skin color

A
  1. Hemoglobin
  2. Melanin
  3. Carotene
50
Q

What is carotene

A

A yellow to orange pigment that comes from plants

  • it is accumulated in horny layer of epidermis
  • stored in adipocytes
51
Q

What would give skin a reddish tone

A

Hemoglobin rich in oxygen

52
Q

What would give skin bluish color

A

Unoxygenated blood cyanosis

53
Q

What gives skin jaundice yellow cast

A

Hepatic problems

High bile/ bilirubin

54
Q

What makes different skin colour

A
  • people of diff races all have same # of melanocytes but:
    1. They produce diff quantities of melanin
    2. There are melanins of diff hues
  • Gene’s dictate rate and type of melanin produced
55
Q

What are the Eccrine sweat glands

A

Coiled and tubular gland
- excretes sweat which is composed of:
Water, salts, ammonia, uric acid and urea
- a way for body to release excess heat by evaporation

56
Q

Where are most eccrine sweat glands

A

They are the most abundant of the skin appendages

- palm, sole of foot, forehead

57
Q

Where is apocrine sweat gland located

A

In Dermis
- armpit, areola of breast, around the anus

-secretes in the hair follicle (apical surface detaches)

58
Q

Description of sweat

A
  • more viscous (lipids & proteins)
  • odorless but not via bacterial degradation
  • stimulated during stress or sexual arousal
  • under the influence of androgens
59
Q

Where and what are ceruminous glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands in external ear canal

  • they secrete cerulean (earwax)
  • there function is to block or trap foreign bodies
60
Q

What and where are mammary glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands in the breast

- produce and secretes milk

61
Q

What are sebaceous glands

A
  • not present in thick epidermis
  • secrete sebum (fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts)
  • they lubricate hair and skin and have antifungal properties
62
Q

2 main parts of hair

A

Shaft (part of hair that emerges from epidermis)

Root ( part embedded in epidermis, dermis and sometimes hypodermis) - surrounded by hair follicle

63
Q

What are the 3 concentric layers of keratinized cells in hair

A

Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle

64
Q

Lanugo

A

Down hair on newborn and fetus that falls off after birth

65
Q

How much do we shed hair on average

A

90 per day

66
Q

What impacts hair shedding

A
  1. Stress (fever)
  2. Surgery
  3. Serious emotional shock
  4. Medication (anticancer chemotherapy)
  5. Diet poor in protein
  6. Lactation
67
Q

What can cause irreversible hair shedding

A
  1. Trauma is prolonged
  2. Excessive radiation
  3. Additional genetic factors
68
Q

What are nails made of

A

Layers of dead and dense epidermal cells and filled with keratin
- hard and transparent

69
Q

What are the parts of nails

A
  1. Root
  2. Lunule
  3. Body
  4. Cuticle
  5. Nail bed
70
Q

Two rules to calculate extent of burns

A

Rule of nines

Rule of palms

71
Q

What % is head and neck

A

A and p 9%

72
Q

What % is upper limbs

A

A and p 18%

73
Q

What is % trunk

A

A and p 36 %

74
Q

What is % perineum

A

1%

75
Q

What is % lower limbs

A

A and p 36 %

76
Q

What is a 1st degree burn

A
  • superficial burn
  • only epidermis affected
  • redness, swelling, pain
  • heals 2 -3 days
77
Q

What is 2nd degree burn

A
  • superficial burn
  • epidermis and superficial layer of dermis
  • symptoms of 1st degree + blisters
  • heals in 3-4 weeks
  • can leave scars
78
Q

What is 3rd degree burn

A
  • deep burn
  • all of the thickness of skin
  • no pain (nerve endings destroyed)
  • risk of infection (very high)
  • skin grafting usually needed
79
Q

What is cancer

A
  • abnormal mass of cells that multiply uncontrollably

- invasive and can propagate

80
Q

What is malignant tumor

A
  • cancerous

- spreads to other parts of body (metastasize)

81
Q

What are risk factors of cancer

A
  • excessive exposure to UV Ray’s

- repeated irritation due to infections, chemical products, wounds

82
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma

A
  • in stratum basale
  • invades dermis and hypodermis
  • metastasize seldomly
  • surgical excision is full cure
83
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • cancer of keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
  • scaly, red papules
  • metastasize if not removed
84
Q

What is melanoma

A
  • cancer of melanocytes
  • highly metastatic
  • resistant to chemotherapy
85
Q

What is ABCD rule to recognizing melanoma

A

Asymmetry (2 sides of pigmented spot do not match)
Border irregularity (indentation)
Colour (pigmented spots: black, brown, tan, blue, red )
Diameter (>6mm in diameter )

A & P1 for PCP (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions