Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P1 for PCP > Lecture 11 - Musculoskeletal System 1: Bones > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Musculoskeletal System 1: Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What % of body mass does bone material make up

A

Roughly 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many bones are in humans body

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The skeletal system consists of: (4)

A
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • joints and articulations
  • ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 6 functions of bone

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Storage: Growth factors & Minerals
  5. Storage of energy
  6. Hematopoiesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does bone provide support

A

Long bone and antigravity muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does bone provide movement

A

Acts as a lever for muscle action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does bone provide protection (examples)

A

Bones of cranium protect brain, vertebrae protect spinal cord, ribs protect lungs etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the growth factor and minerals stored in bones

A

Calcium and phosphate, which are essential for nervous and muscle systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What energy source do bones store and in what part of bone

A

They store lipids in the yellow bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the types of bone tissue

A

Compact and cancellous (spongy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structure of long bone

A
  • longer than wide
  • 1 diaphysis, epiphysis
  • mostly compact, with some spongy in epiphysis
  • role of support
  • only type of bone that has medullary cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are some Long bones

A

Arm, forearm, palm, finger, thigh, leg, sole, toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of short bone

A
  • small, almost cubic

- filled with spongy bone, covered by thin layer of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where might you find short bone

A

Wrist (carpals), ankles (tarsals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the structure of flat bones

A
  • Thin, flat, slightly curved
  • Filled with spongy bones (diploe), covered by a thick layer of compact bone
  • Protection role, large surface for muscle attachment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where would you find flat bones

A

Cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the structure of irregular bone

A
  • Complex forms and composition varies

- Spongy bone, fine layer of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where would you find irregular bone

A

Vertebrae, bones of face, coxal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Sutural bones

A

They are special irregular bones that are between sutures of cranial bones (ex. lambdoid suture at back of head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are sesamoid bones

A

-Small round bone imbedded in a tendon to help reinforce and decrease stress on that tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are sesamoid bones

A

In the knee / Patella but also in some ppls hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is diaphysis

A
  • Body of a long bone

- Thick cylinder of compact bone with medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is epiphysis

A
  • End of a long bone
  • Filled with spongy bone and covered by thin layer of compact bone
  • The part that takes part in articulation is covered in articular cartilage (hyaline)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is epiphysals line

A
  • Remnant of epiphyseal cartilage where growth takes place up until end of adolescence (metaphysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is periosteum

A
  • Membrane that covers the bone (lacks cartilage)

- Contains cells important for repair and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are 2 layers of periosteum

A
  • Fibrous: external, dense irregular CT, neurofibers, blood and lymphatic vessels
  • Osteogenic: internal, osteoblasts & osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is endosteum

A

A membrane that cover:

  • Medullary cavity
  • Trabeculae
  • Canals that cross compact bone
  • Osteoblast and osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the diploe sandwiched in between in flat bone

A 
An upper and lower layer of compact bone which is covered in periosteum 
imagine:
periosteum
compact 
diploe
compact
periosteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are 2 components of Bone matrix and %

A
  • Organic 35%

- inorganic 65%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the organic specialized cells that make up bone matrix

A
  • osteoblasts (create the matrix)
  • osteoclasts (removes deposited mineral)
  • Osteocytes (bone forming cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the organic Osteoid (ground substance) that make up bone matrix

A
  • proteoglycans, glycoproteins, chondroitin sulfate, collagen fibers (secreted by osteoblasts)
  • leading to flexibility, resistance to pressure and adhesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the makeup of inorganic materials that make up bone matrix (%)?

A
  • 10% calcium carbonate
  • 5% other minerals (Mg+, Na, SO42-, F-)
  • 85% hydroxyapatites (crystals of calcium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Function of inorganic materials in bone matrix

A

-The salts (hydroxyapatites) are deposited in, on and btw collagen fibers like cement around its brace, to give it hardness, solidity and rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what % of bone is compact

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is compact bone

A

Forms external layer of bone surface and most of diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is function of compact bone

A

Support, protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

-it is made up of 6-15 lamella/ layers (haversian system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What increases compact bone solidity

A

Collagen fibers alternate orientation in each layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What runs through central canal (Haversian) and in what direction

A

Blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves parallel with length of long bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What runs through perforating canal (Volkmann) and in what direction

A

Blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves and the run perpendicular off central canals and into spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is between each lamella (layer) of compact bone

A

A lacuna that contains an osteocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do the osteocytes in the lacuna do

A

Communicate with exterior via canaliculi and btw themselves through projections
-they exchange nutrients via gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is in between Osteons (osteon = Haversian canals 6-15 lamella (layers) of collagen fibers in circle pattern)

A

interstitial lamella which are remnants of old osteons

-they have osteocytes and canaliculi but are not connected to central canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What % of bone is spongy bone

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Do spongy bones have osteons?

A

no

47
Q

What forms the trabeculae

A

Elongated or flattened osteocytes between irregular lamellae made lattice like structure = trabeculae

48
Q

What dictates orientation of the trabeculae

A

According to the constraints that bone is subjected to and is not haphazard
- develops to be strongest and most shock absorbent it can

49
Q

where do osteocytes in trabeculae of spongy bone get nutrients and blood

A

from blood that circulates between trabeculae interlinked via the canaliculi

50
Q

what is in the spaces between trabeculae

A

Red bone marrow (RBM)

51
Q

Where is there red bone marrow

A

exclusive to long bone epiphysis, hip, rib, thoracic cage, vertebrae, cranium

52
Q

What are osteogenic cells

A
  • from mesenchyme (stem cells)

- can divide and become osteoblasts

53
Q

What are osteoblasts

A
  • They lose capacity to divide when they transform into osteocytes
  • secrete collagen and osteoids
54
Q

What are osteoids

A
  • proteoglycanes
  • glycoproteins
  • collagen fibers
55
Q

What are osteocytes

A
  • Osteoblast that eventually get covered in matrix and lay down within lacunae
  • they do not secrete matrix
  • maintain bone tissue and exchange things like waste and nutrients with blood and other cells
56
Q

What are osteoclasts

A
  • Large multi-nucleated cells
  • they are macrophages found at surface of bone and they destroy the matrix
  • they are essential as they guarantee renewal, growth and repair
57
Q

Bone marrow distribution in newborns

A

There is very little in the epiphysis of long bone

  • most in medullary cavity of long bone
  • only red bone marrow
58
Q

Bone marrow distribution in adults

A

Main bone still contain red bone marrow but some is replaced by yellow mallow

59
Q

What can happen if excess calcium in blood

A
  • cardiac contraction

- propagation of nerve impulses

60
Q

What is homeostasis of calcium 4

A
  1. Calcium circulation is very closely regulated
  2. Calcium is important to many enzymes and blood coagulation
  3. Bone serves as a calcium reserve ( release and absorb as needed)
  4. Important hormones act on calcium
61
Q

What are the 2 important hormones acting on calcium for homeostasis

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
62
Q

What is parathyroid hormone

A

Hormone released from chief cells of the parathyroid gland when calcium is low

63
Q

What does PTH do

A
  • Stimulates activities and reproduction of osteoclasts
  • increases kidney absorption of calcium from urine
  • if there is an increase in vitamin D it increases absorption of calcium from intestines
64
Q

Where does Calcitonin come from

A

Secreted by paraflocular cells of the thyroid

65
Q

What does Calcitonin do

A
  • Released when calcium concentration is high
  • inhibits osteoclast activities
  • stimulates calcium deposition by osteoblasts
66
Q

What is ossification

A

The process of bone formation

67
Q

Why does bone grown in width during a lifetime

A
  1. For remodeling

2. consolidation of bones, making them stronger

68
Q

When do bones stop growing

A

Never, it is a continuous process throughout life

69
Q

What is the skeleton formed of at 6th week of gestation

A
  1. Fibrous membranes

2. Hyaline cartilage

70
Q

What are 2 types of ossification processes that occur at 8 weeks of gestation

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification

2. Endochondral ossification

71
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A
  • From fibrous membranes
  • Give rise to intramembranous bone
  • Most of the cranial bones, clavicles, and flat bones
72
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A
  • From hyaline cartilage models
  • Give rise to endochondral bone
  • Majority of the skeletal bones
73
Q

What is the formation of a ossification center in intramembranous ossification

A
  • The inside of the fibrous CT membrane

- Mesenchymal cell aggregate and differentiate into osteoblasts

74
Q

What is the secretion of the matrix in intramembranous ossification

A
  • osteoblasts secrete the osteoid that is calcified in a few days
  • osteoblasts become trapped in the lacunae and will become osteocytes
75
Q

What is the formation of spongy bone in intramembranous ossification

A
  • osteoid is deposited btw embryonic blood vessels

- forms network of trabeculae that trap the blood vessels

76
Q

What is the formation of periosteum in intramembranous ossification

A
  • Mesenchymal cells join the surface of the bone and differentiate into layers:
    1. External layer
    2. Internal layer - osteogenic cells
77
Q

What is formation of compact bone in intramembranous ossification

A

-Compact bone (external)and osteogenic layer of the periosteum (internal)

78
Q

Why is endochondral ossification a complex process

A

Because hyaline cartilage must be broken down as the bone ossification process proceeds

79
Q

The modeling of Hyaline cartilage primary center ossification

A
  1. Primary center ossification

- perichondrium is penetrated by blood vessels that transform it into the periosteum

80
Q

The modeling of Hyaline cartilage formation of a bone collar

A
  1. Formation of bone collar around the diaphysis

- mesenchymal cells of the periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts that secrete a cylinder of osteoid

81
Q

The modeling of Hyaline cartilage: calcification of the cartilage in the center of the diaphysis and formation of the bone cavity

A
  • chondrocytes expand & burst, which modifies PH levels
  • Calcification of the matrix
  • when calcified, there are no nutrient exchange
  • chondrocytes die
  • Matrix disintegrates
  • Bone cavity is formed
82
Q

The modeling of Hyaline cartilage: penetration of the cavities by the periosteal bud and formation of the spongy bone

A

-New osteoblasts secrete osteoid on the cartilage fragment which form the trabeculae of spongy bone

83
Q

The periosteal bud contains

A

The periosteal bud contains nutrient artery and vein, lymphatic connections, neurofibers, red bone marrow elements, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

84
Q

The modeling of Hyaline cartilage: formation of medullary cavity and the initiation of secondary ossification centers in the epiphysis

A
  • process of enlarging and shedding of ossification center

- Osteoclasts break down the new spongy bone which forms the medullary cavity (center of the diaphysis)

85
Q

The modeling of Hyaline cartilage: ossification of the epiphysis occurs before or right after birth

A

These are 2nd ossification center in the epiphysis and happens similar to diaphysis process

86
Q

Process of ossification of epiphysis

A

Cartilage calcifies - matrix breaks down - obtain cavity - periosteal bud enters matrix or cavity - new osteoblasts secrete osteoid - create trabeculae with spongy bone

87
Q

Distinction between formation of diaphysis and epiphysis

A

Epiphysis has no bone collar or medullary cavity

88
Q

Final product of ossification of epiphysis

A
  • articular cartilage at the surface of the epiphysis

- epiphyseal plate cartilage (the junction between the epiphysis and diaphysis)

89
Q

What is the first formed bone called and what does it develop into

A

Called woven bone and develops into lamellar bone

90
Q

What are primary osteons replaced by

A

They are demineralized areas around blood vessel, they grow from out to in; and are eventually replaced by secondary osteons

91
Q

Why is bone remodeling important

A

For homeostasis, let’s bone grow in size and shape

92
Q

what is in constant flux after bone growth complete

A

Ossification and reabsorption (but total size does not change)

93
Q

Where does bone gain and loss occur

A

Gain from outer surface, loss from within

94
Q

what remodels trabeculae

A

Mechanical stress remodels it to better withstand stress

-higher stress = narrower tube for new osteon

95
Q

When is ossification faster and when is reabsorption faster

A

Youth has more ossification

after 40 more reabsorption

96
Q

Bone mass is influenced by:

A

Stress

-muscle tension, gravity

97
Q

Stress on bone mass stimulates

A
  • bone regeneration
  • narrowing of osteons
  • calcitonin (inhibit bone reabsorption)
  • ossification
98
Q

People who have low bone mass:

A
  • live in weightlessness for long times

- Are bedridden

99
Q

What does intense exercise cause to bones

A

Reinforcement of bones

100
Q

Bones of the arm

A 
Scapula
humerus
radius (thumb)
ulna(elbow)
olecranon (the elbow joint)
101
Q

Rib bones

A

7 true ribs
3 to 5 false ribs
floating ribs
total = 12 to 14 ribs

102
Q

Bones of sternum

A

Manubrium (connects to clavicle)
Body
Xiphoid process (bottom of sternum)

103
Q

Parts of spine

A
  • intervertebral disk
  • body(where bulk force goes)
  • transverse process
  • spinous process
104
Q

Where are the atlas and axis in spinal column

A

Cervical spine c1 and c2

105
Q

Bones of pelvic girdle

A
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
  • illium
  • ischium
  • pubic symphysis
  • acetabulum
106
Q

Bones of the hand

A
  • metacarpals (in palm_
  • carpals (8 bones in wrist)
  • phalanges (fingers)
107
Q

Bones of wrist / carpals

A
  • trapezium
  • trapezoid
  • scaphoid
  • hamate
  • capitate
  • pisiform
  • triquetrum
  • lunate
108
Q

What are 3 parts of phalanges

A
  • distal
  • middle
  • proximal
109
Q

What are 3 parts of metacarpals and what’s the 1st metacarpal

A

-head
-shaft
-base
1st is thumb

110
Q

bones of legs

A
  • pelvis
  • hip joint
  • femur
  • patella
  • fibula
  • tibia
111
Q

Bones of foot

A
  • talus (accepts weight from tib/fib)
  • calcaneus (heel)
  • tarsal
  • metatarsals
  • digits/ phalanges
112
Q

name the tarsals (5)

A 
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
113
Q

what is first metatasal in foot

A

big toe

114
Q

parts of toe digits

A
  • proximal phalanx
  • middle phalanx
  • distal phalanx

A & P1 for PCP (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions