Lecture 7 - Blood Flashcards
1
Q
What is basic composition of blood 2 things
A
Plasma and formed elements
2
Q
Basic function
A
Complex transport medium that performs pickup and delivery services for the body
Also heat regulating mechanism
3
Q
What does blood transport
A
- Food substances (glucose, amino acids, lipids)
- Compounds formed from metabolism(urea, uric acid, creatine, lactic acid)
- respiratory gases( O2 and CO2)
- regulatory substances (hormones, enzymes)
4
Q
Blood volume of young adult male
A
5L about 8% of body weight
5
Q
Factors that affect blood volume
A
- age
- body type
- body fat (less fat= more blood)
- gender
- method of measurement
6
Q
What is Hematocrit
A
Volume % of RBCs in whole blood (packed cell volume)
7
Q
What is Buffy coat
A
WBCs and platelets that make up less than 1% of blood volume
8
Q
What is Plasma
A
90% water 10% solutes
9
Q
What proteins are in plasma
A
7% of plasma is proteins
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
- Prothrombin
10
Q
What other solutes are in plasma
A
Ions Nutrients Waste products Gases Regulatory substances
11
Q
What are Leukocytes and the 5 types
A
They are WBCs 1 Neutrophils 2 Lymphocytes 3 Monocytes 4 Eosinophils 5 Basophils
12
Q
Physical traits of plasma
A
- Liquid part of blood (matrix)
- clear, straw colored fluid
- made of 90% water 10% solutes
13
Q
What do Albumins do
A
Expand blood volume
14
Q
What do globulins do
A
Essential component of the immunity mechanism
15
Q
What does fibrinogen do
A
Key role in blood clotting
16
Q
Why is plasma essential to maintaining normal blood circulation (3 things)
A
1 Maintains blood viscosity
2 blood osmotic pressure
3 blood volume
17
Q
What are Erythrocytes
A
RBCs
18
Q
Physical description of Erythrocytes
A
- no nucleus
- tiny biconcave disk shape
- no ribosomes, mitochondria, other organelles
- shape can passively change as they forcibly pass through tiny capillaries
- made of primarily hemoglobin
19
Q
What makes RBCs so flexible
A
Spectrin protein
20
Q
What fraction of RBCs is hemoglobin
A
1/3 of RBC volume
21
Q
What is most numerous of formed elements
A
RBCs
- in men RBC count = 5.5 million per mm3 of blood
- in women = 4.8 million per mm3 of blood
22
Q
Function of Erythrocytes
A
Critical role in transport of O2 and CO2 and depends on hemoglobin
23
Q
What is Carbonic anhydrase
A
Enzyme in RBC that catalyzes a reaction that joins C02 and H2O to form Carbonic acid
24
Q
What does Carbonic acid do
A
Dissociates and generates bicarbonate ions, which diffuse out of the RBC and transport CO2 in the blood plasma
25
How much hemoglobin is in each RBC
Approximately 200 to 300 million molecules
26
What kind of protein is hemoglobin
A quaternary protein
27
What is oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin uniting with 4 oxygen molecules
| - allows RBCs to transport oxygen where its needed
28
What is anemia
A decrease in number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood
29
How much O2 and CO2 molecules can 1 Hb molecule carry
4 O2
| 4CO2
30
Structure of hemoglobin
4 protein chains (globins) each with a heme group that each contain 1 Fe atom
31
What is the entire process of RBC formation called
Erythropoiesis
32
Where does formation of RBC begin
In red bone marrow ( flat bones )
33
What are some flat bones
Pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae, scapula
34
How are RBCs formed
Begin in red bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells and undergo several stages of development to become Erythrocytes ( takes about 4 days)
35
How many RBCs are created and destroyed each minute and day in adult
100 million / minute
| 200 billion / day
36
What mechanisms help balance number of cells formed against number cells destroyed
Homeostatic mechanisms
37
What is erythropoietin
A hormone released by kidneys
38
What does erythropoietin do
Detects low oxygen levels then stimulates bone marrow to accelerate its production of RBCs
39
What is feedback loop to decreased atmospheric oxygen
1 Sensor in kidney detects lower O2
2 Correction signal to increase erythropoietin
3 Effector increased number of RBC created in bone marrow
40
What is average life span of RBC
105 to 120 days
41
What happens to aged, abnormal or fragmented cells
Macrophage cells phagocytize them
42
What happens when hemoglobin is broken down during destruction of RBC
Amino acids, iron, and bilirubin are relaesed
43
Where are the macrophages that phagocytize located
In spleen and liver
44
What happens to globin after hemoglobin break down
It is converted into amino acids and used as energy source for protein synthesis
45
What happens to heme after break down of hemoglobin
It is further degraded into iron then stored or used to make more hemoglobin or bilirubin
46
What are the 4 Blood types
A, B, AB, O
47
What are agglutinogens
Antigens on RBCs membrane
48
What are antigens
Molecules that stimulate an immune response
49
What are agglutinins
Antibodies dissolved in plasma
50
What are antibodies
Specialized Y shaped protein that is produced to identify and neutralize specific antigens
Also called immunoglobulin
51
What is blood type named after
Antigen on the RBC
52
What antibodies are in blood type AB plasma?
None - known as universal recipients
53
What antigens and antibodies are in Type O blood and plasma?
No antigens on RBC + A &B antibodies in plasma
| Known as universal donor
54
What happens when same antigen and antibody combine
They cause RBC to agglutinate (clump together)
55
What components of blood are in blood transfusions
Not whole blood
| Just RBC
56
What is main concern with blood transfusions
Will antigens on the RBC of the donor react with antibodies in plasma of the recipient
57
When is universal donor or universal recipient not universal
If recipients plasma contains agglutinins other than anti-A or anti-B antibodies causing transfusion reaction
58
What is a transfusion reaction
When hosts antibodies attack donor RBC ->RBCs break apart -> Hb is released into blood stream-> overloads kidneys -> kidney failure
59
What are some symptoms of kidney failure
Fever, difficulty breathing, pink urine
60
What 3 steps are taken to make blood safe
1. Typed (8 combos)
2. Antibody screen test
3. Cross-match test
61
What is cross-match test
Mix drop of donor and recipient blood to test for clumping
62
What are the 2 Rh types
Rh positive
| Rh negative
63
What is Rh positive
Rh antigen is present on the RBC
64
What is Rh negative
RBCs have no Rh antigen present
65
When can anti-Rh antibodies appear in blood
In Rh negative blood if it has come in contact with Rh positive RBCs
66
What happens when Rh negative person get Rh positive blood
Recipient begins to make antibodies against the Rh antigen, which remains in blood
67
What is Erythroblastosis fetalis
- If Rh negative mother births Rh positive fetus the positive blood cells enter mother during birth.
- If mother becomes pregnant with another Rh positive fetus erythroblastosis fetalis can occur
- anti-Rh antibodies enter blood supply causing agglutination of RBCs
68
What are Leukocytes
WBCs
69
What are two categories of WBC
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
70
What are the 3 Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
71
What are the 2 Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
72
What % of WBC is Neutrophils
Approximately 65%
73
What type of cell is Neutrophils
Highly mobile and active phagocytic cells
74
What is a phagocytic cell
Cells that protect body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells
75
What is diapedesis
Movement of WBC out of circulation and towards the site of injury
76
Are neutrophils capable of diapedesis
Yes
77
What are in neutrophil cytoplasmic granules
Lysosomes
78
What attracts Neutrophils and other phagocytic WBCs to infection site
Bacterial infections that produce inflammatory response causing release of chemicals from damaged cells (positive chemotaxis)
79
What % of WBC is Eosinophils
2 to 5 %
80
Where are there many Eosinophils
Lining of respiratory and digestive tract
81
Are Eosinophils good phagocytes
No they are weak
82
What are Eosinophils capable of ingesting
Inflammatory chemicals and proteins associated with antigen-antibody reaction complex
83
What is a main function of Eosinophils
Provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions
84
What % of WBC Is Basophils
0.5 to 1 %
85
Main function of Basophils
Cytoplasmic granules contain histamine and heparin
86
Are Basophil capable of diapedesis
Yes they are mobile and capable of diapedesis
87
What is histamine
Inflammatory chemical released by WBC as immune response to allergens
88
What is heparin
San anticoagulant
89
What % of WBC are Lymphocytes
25%
90
What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
| B Lymphocytes
91
What do T Lymphocytes do
Directly attack an infected or cancerous cell
92
What do B Lymphocytes do
Produce antibodies against specific antigens
93
What % of WBC are Monocytes
3-8%
94
Structural aspects of monocytes
Largest WBC
| - mobile and highly phagocytic (can engulf large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells)
95
A function of Monocytes
Can migrate out of blood to enter tissue spaces as a macrophage
96
Where do granular and agranular leukocytes mature from
Undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblast)
97
Where do neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate
Red bone marrow
98
Where do most Lymphocytes and Monocytes develope from
Hematopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue ( I.e. spleen, thymus)
99
What are thrombocytes
Blood platelets
100
3 important properties of platelets
Agglutination, adhesiveness, aggregation
101
What is aggregation
Attraction of particles
102
What is formation and life span of platelets
Formed in red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of megakaryocytes
Life span 7 to 10 days
103
What are megakaryocytes
Cells in bone marrow responsible for making platelets
104
3 main functions of platelets
1. Hemostasis
2. Blood coagulation
3. Secondary role in defending against bacterial attacks
105
What is Platelets role in homeostasis
Stoppage of blood flow in minor injuries
| -if injury extensive blood-clotting mechanism is activated to assist
106
Are hemostasis of platelets and blood clotting the same
They are interrelated but seperate and distinct
107
4 steps in homeostasis platelet plug formation
1. Damage to blood vessel causes vascular spasm which temporarily closes the vessel
2. Within 1-5 seconds platelets adhere to damaged lining of the vessel forming the plug that helps stop the flow of blood into tissue
3. Sticky platelets secrete ADP, fatty acids, and thromboxane, which aid the coagulation process
4. If injury is extensive blood clotting mechanism is activated
108
What is a vascular spasm
Constriction of the smooth muscle closing vessel
109
How do sticky platelets secreting ADP, fatty acids and thromboxane aid coagulation
They cause vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation (clumping) at the site of injury
110
ADP activating platelets and starting aggregation forms what
White flakes
111
What is coagulation
Blood clotting
112
What is goal of coagulation
To stop bleeding and prevent loss of vital body fluid in swift and sure method
113
4 components critical to coagulation
- prothrombin
- Thrombin
- Fibrinogen
- Fibrin
114
What is stage 1 of coagulation
- production of prothrombin activator by:
| - chemicals released from damaged tissue or chemicals present in blood
115
What is extrinsic pathway
Chemicals released from damaged tissue
116
What is intrinsic pathway
Chemicals present in the blood
117
What is stage 2 of coagulation
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
118
What is stage 3 of coagulation
- conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of fibrin clot
119
Why are adequate calcium levels important in blood
Several of the clotting factors require calcium ions as a co-factor to make normal clotting occur
120
What prevents clotting
Perfectly smooth surface of endothelial lining in blood vessel ( nothing to adhere to)
- antithrombins
121
What are antithrombins
Substances in blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin, preventing thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Ex. Heparin
122
What can cause clotting
- rough spot in the endothelium
| - abnormally slow blood flow (sedentary life style, bed ridden)
123
What is the name for process of dissolving blood clot
Fibrinolysis
124
How is a clot dissolved
Plasmin hydrolyzes fibrin strands and dissolves the clot
125
What does Plasmin come from
Several substances released from damaged cells (ex. Thrombin, factor xii, t-pa lysosomal enzymes) convert plasminogen into active enzyme plasmin
126
Where does plasminogen come from
Normal blood plasma
127
What is given within first 6 hours of stroke
Tissue- plasminogen activator drug
| - can improve blood flow and reduce after effects of stroke
128
How do many bacteria release anti clotting agents to overcome our defenses
The anti clotting agents activate plasminogen and disrupt formation of the blood clot
- used in medicine
129
What is Streptokinase
A plasminogen-activating factor made by streptococci bacteria
- can dissolve clots in the large arteries of heart
130
Big picture of blood plasma
Transports substances and heat around body linking all body tissue together
131
Blood tissue formed elements:
Blood cells and platelets
132
Big picture of RBCs
Assist in transport of O2 and CO2
133
Big picture of WBCs
Assist in defense mechanism of whole body
134
Big picture platelets
Prevent loss of the fluid that constitutes the internal environment
135
Blood is useless unless it
Transports, defends, and maintains balance
