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A & P1 for PCP > Lecture 7 - Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is basic composition of blood 2 things

A

Plasma and formed elements

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2
Q

Basic function

A

Complex transport medium that performs pickup and delivery services for the body

Also heat regulating mechanism

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3
Q

What does blood transport

A
  • Food substances (glucose, amino acids, lipids)
  • Compounds formed from metabolism(urea, uric acid, creatine, lactic acid)
  • respiratory gases( O2 and CO2)
  • regulatory substances (hormones, enzymes)
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4
Q

Blood volume of young adult male

A

5L about 8% of body weight

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5
Q

Factors that affect blood volume

A
  • age
  • body type
  • body fat (less fat= more blood)
  • gender
  • method of measurement
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6
Q

What is Hematocrit

A

Volume % of RBCs in whole blood (packed cell volume)

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7
Q

What is Buffy coat

A

WBCs and platelets that make up less than 1% of blood volume

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8
Q

What is Plasma

A

90% water 10% solutes

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9
Q

What proteins are in plasma

A

7% of plasma is proteins

  • Albumins
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
  • Prothrombin
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10
Q

What other solutes are in plasma

A 
Ions
Nutrients
Waste products 
Gases
Regulatory substances
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11
Q

What are Leukocytes and the 5 types

A 
They are WBCs 
1 Neutrophils 
2 Lymphocytes 
3 Monocytes 
4 Eosinophils 
5 Basophils
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12
Q

Physical traits of plasma

A
  • Liquid part of blood (matrix)
  • clear, straw colored fluid
  • made of 90% water 10% solutes
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13
Q

What do Albumins do

A

Expand blood volume

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14
Q

What do globulins do

A

Essential component of the immunity mechanism

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15
Q

What does fibrinogen do

A

Key role in blood clotting

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16
Q

Why is plasma essential to maintaining normal blood circulation (3 things)

A

1 Maintains blood viscosity
2 blood osmotic pressure
3 blood volume

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17
Q

What are Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

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18
Q

Physical description of Erythrocytes

A
  • no nucleus
  • tiny biconcave disk shape
  • no ribosomes, mitochondria, other organelles
  • shape can passively change as they forcibly pass through tiny capillaries
  • made of primarily hemoglobin
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19
Q

What makes RBCs so flexible

A

Spectrin protein

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20
Q

What fraction of RBCs is hemoglobin

A

1/3 of RBC volume

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21
Q

What is most numerous of formed elements

A

RBCs

  • in men RBC count = 5.5 million per mm3 of blood
  • in women = 4.8 million per mm3 of blood
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22
Q

Function of Erythrocytes

A

Critical role in transport of O2 and CO2 and depends on hemoglobin

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23
Q

What is Carbonic anhydrase

A

Enzyme in RBC that catalyzes a reaction that joins C02 and H2O to form Carbonic acid

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24
Q

What does Carbonic acid do

A

Dissociates and generates bicarbonate ions, which diffuse out of the RBC and transport CO2 in the blood plasma

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25
Q

How much hemoglobin is in each RBC

A

Approximately 200 to 300 million molecules

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26
Q

What kind of protein is hemoglobin

A

A quaternary protein

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27
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin uniting with 4 oxygen molecules

- allows RBCs to transport oxygen where its needed

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28
Q

What is anemia

A

A decrease in number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood

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29
Q

How much O2 and CO2 molecules can 1 Hb molecule carry

A

4 O2

4CO2

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30
Q

Structure of hemoglobin

A

4 protein chains (globins) each with a heme group that each contain 1 Fe atom

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31
Q

What is the entire process of RBC formation called

A

Erythropoiesis

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32
Q

Where does formation of RBC begin

A

In red bone marrow ( flat bones )

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33
Q

What are some flat bones

A

Pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae, scapula

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34
Q

How are RBCs formed

A

Begin in red bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells and undergo several stages of development to become Erythrocytes ( takes about 4 days)

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35
Q

How many RBCs are created and destroyed each minute and day in adult

A

100 million / minute

200 billion / day

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36
Q

What mechanisms help balance number of cells formed against number cells destroyed

A

Homeostatic mechanisms

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37
Q

What is erythropoietin

A

A hormone released by kidneys

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38
Q

What does erythropoietin do

A

Detects low oxygen levels then stimulates bone marrow to accelerate its production of RBCs

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39
Q

What is feedback loop to decreased atmospheric oxygen

A

1 Sensor in kidney detects lower O2
2 Correction signal to increase erythropoietin
3 Effector increased number of RBC created in bone marrow

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40
Q

What is average life span of RBC

A

105 to 120 days

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41
Q

What happens to aged, abnormal or fragmented cells

A

Macrophage cells phagocytize them

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42
Q

What happens when hemoglobin is broken down during destruction of RBC

A

Amino acids, iron, and bilirubin are relaesed

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43
Q

Where are the macrophages that phagocytize located

A

In spleen and liver

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44
Q

What happens to globin after hemoglobin break down

A

It is converted into amino acids and used as energy source for protein synthesis

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45
Q

What happens to heme after break down of hemoglobin

A

It is further degraded into iron then stored or used to make more hemoglobin or bilirubin

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46
Q

What are the 4 Blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

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47
Q

What are agglutinogens

A

Antigens on RBCs membrane

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48
Q

What are antigens

A

Molecules that stimulate an immune response

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49
Q

What are agglutinins

A

Antibodies dissolved in plasma

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50
Q

What are antibodies

A

Specialized Y shaped protein that is produced to identify and neutralize specific antigens
Also called immunoglobulin

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51
Q

What is blood type named after

A

Antigen on the RBC

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52
Q

What antibodies are in blood type AB plasma?

A

None - known as universal recipients

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53
Q

What antigens and antibodies are in Type O blood and plasma?

A

No antigens on RBC + A &B antibodies in plasma

Known as universal donor

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54
Q

What happens when same antigen and antibody combine

A

They cause RBC to agglutinate (clump together)

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55
Q

What components of blood are in blood transfusions

A

Not whole blood

Just RBC

56
Q

What is main concern with blood transfusions

A

Will antigens on the RBC of the donor react with antibodies in plasma of the recipient

57
Q

When is universal donor or universal recipient not universal

A

If recipients plasma contains agglutinins other than anti-A or anti-B antibodies causing transfusion reaction

58
Q

What is a transfusion reaction

A

When hosts antibodies attack donor RBC ->RBCs break apart -> Hb is released into blood stream-> overloads kidneys -> kidney failure

59
Q

What are some symptoms of kidney failure

A

Fever, difficulty breathing, pink urine

60
Q

What 3 steps are taken to make blood safe

A
  1. Typed (8 combos)
  2. Antibody screen test
  3. Cross-match test
61
Q

What is cross-match test

A

Mix drop of donor and recipient blood to test for clumping

62
Q

What are the 2 Rh types

A

Rh positive

Rh negative

63
Q

What is Rh positive

A

Rh antigen is present on the RBC

64
Q

What is Rh negative

A

RBCs have no Rh antigen present

65
Q

When can anti-Rh antibodies appear in blood

A

In Rh negative blood if it has come in contact with Rh positive RBCs

66
Q

What happens when Rh negative person get Rh positive blood

A

Recipient begins to make antibodies against the Rh antigen, which remains in blood

67
Q

What is Erythroblastosis fetalis

A
  • If Rh negative mother births Rh positive fetus the positive blood cells enter mother during birth.
  • If mother becomes pregnant with another Rh positive fetus erythroblastosis fetalis can occur
  • anti-Rh antibodies enter blood supply causing agglutination of RBCs
68
Q

What are Leukocytes

A

WBCs

69
Q

What are two categories of WBC

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

70
Q

What are the 3 Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

71
Q

What are the 2 Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

72
Q

What % of WBC is Neutrophils

A

Approximately 65%

73
Q

What type of cell is Neutrophils

A

Highly mobile and active phagocytic cells

74
Q

What is a phagocytic cell

A

Cells that protect body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells

75
Q

What is diapedesis

A

Movement of WBC out of circulation and towards the site of injury

76
Q

Are neutrophils capable of diapedesis

A

Yes

77
Q

What are in neutrophil cytoplasmic granules

A

Lysosomes

78
Q

What attracts Neutrophils and other phagocytic WBCs to infection site

A

Bacterial infections that produce inflammatory response causing release of chemicals from damaged cells (positive chemotaxis)

79
Q

What % of WBC is Eosinophils

A

2 to 5 %

80
Q

Where are there many Eosinophils

A

Lining of respiratory and digestive tract

81
Q

Are Eosinophils good phagocytes

A

No they are weak

82
Q

What are Eosinophils capable of ingesting

A

Inflammatory chemicals and proteins associated with antigen-antibody reaction complex

83
Q

What is a main function of Eosinophils

A

Provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions

84
Q

What % of WBC Is Basophils

A

0.5 to 1 %

85
Q

Main function of Basophils

A

Cytoplasmic granules contain histamine and heparin

86
Q

Are Basophil capable of diapedesis

A

Yes they are mobile and capable of diapedesis

87
Q

What is histamine

A

Inflammatory chemical released by WBC as immune response to allergens

88
Q

What is heparin

A

San anticoagulant

89
Q

What % of WBC are Lymphocytes

A

25%

90
Q

What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes

A

T Lymphocytes

B Lymphocytes

91
Q

What do T Lymphocytes do

A

Directly attack an infected or cancerous cell

92
Q

What do B Lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies against specific antigens

93
Q

What % of WBC are Monocytes

A

3-8%

94
Q

Structural aspects of monocytes

A

Largest WBC

- mobile and highly phagocytic (can engulf large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells)

95
Q

A function of Monocytes

A

Can migrate out of blood to enter tissue spaces as a macrophage

96
Q

Where do granular and agranular leukocytes mature from

A

Undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblast)

97
Q

Where do neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate

A

Red bone marrow

98
Q

Where do most Lymphocytes and Monocytes develope from

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue ( I.e. spleen, thymus)

99
Q

What are thrombocytes

A

Blood platelets

100
Q

3 important properties of platelets

A

Agglutination, adhesiveness, aggregation

101
Q

What is aggregation

A

Attraction of particles

102
Q

What is formation and life span of platelets

A

Formed in red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of megakaryocytes
Life span 7 to 10 days

103
Q

What are megakaryocytes

A

Cells in bone marrow responsible for making platelets

104
Q

3 main functions of platelets

A
  1. Hemostasis
  2. Blood coagulation
  3. Secondary role in defending against bacterial attacks
105
Q

What is Platelets role in homeostasis

A

Stoppage of blood flow in minor injuries

-if injury extensive blood-clotting mechanism is activated to assist

106
Q

Are hemostasis of platelets and blood clotting the same

A

They are interrelated but seperate and distinct

107
Q

4 steps in homeostasis platelet plug formation

A
  1. Damage to blood vessel causes vascular spasm which temporarily closes the vessel
  2. Within 1-5 seconds platelets adhere to damaged lining of the vessel forming the plug that helps stop the flow of blood into tissue
  3. Sticky platelets secrete ADP, fatty acids, and thromboxane, which aid the coagulation process
  4. If injury is extensive blood clotting mechanism is activated
108
Q

What is a vascular spasm

A

Constriction of the smooth muscle closing vessel

109
Q

How do sticky platelets secreting ADP, fatty acids and thromboxane aid coagulation

A

They cause vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation (clumping) at the site of injury

110
Q

ADP activating platelets and starting aggregation forms what

A

White flakes

111
Q

What is coagulation

A

Blood clotting

112
Q

What is goal of coagulation

A

To stop bleeding and prevent loss of vital body fluid in swift and sure method

113
Q

4 components critical to coagulation

A
  • prothrombin
  • Thrombin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Fibrin
114
Q

What is stage 1 of coagulation

A
  • production of prothrombin activator by:

- chemicals released from damaged tissue or chemicals present in blood

115
Q

What is extrinsic pathway

A

Chemicals released from damaged tissue

116
Q

What is intrinsic pathway

A

Chemicals present in the blood

117
Q

What is stage 2 of coagulation

A

Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

118
Q

What is stage 3 of coagulation

A
  • conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of fibrin clot
119
Q

Why are adequate calcium levels important in blood

A

Several of the clotting factors require calcium ions as a co-factor to make normal clotting occur

120
Q

What prevents clotting

A

Perfectly smooth surface of endothelial lining in blood vessel ( nothing to adhere to)
- antithrombins

121
Q

What are antithrombins

A

Substances in blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin, preventing thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Ex. Heparin

122
Q

What can cause clotting

A
  • rough spot in the endothelium

- abnormally slow blood flow (sedentary life style, bed ridden)

123
Q

What is the name for process of dissolving blood clot

A

Fibrinolysis

124
Q

How is a clot dissolved

A

Plasmin hydrolyzes fibrin strands and dissolves the clot

125
Q

What does Plasmin come from

A

Several substances released from damaged cells (ex. Thrombin, factor xii, t-pa lysosomal enzymes) convert plasminogen into active enzyme plasmin

126
Q

Where does plasminogen come from

A

Normal blood plasma

127
Q

What is given within first 6 hours of stroke

A

Tissue- plasminogen activator drug

- can improve blood flow and reduce after effects of stroke

128
Q

How do many bacteria release anti clotting agents to overcome our defenses

A

The anti clotting agents activate plasminogen and disrupt formation of the blood clot
- used in medicine

129
Q

What is Streptokinase

A

A plasminogen-activating factor made by streptococci bacteria
- can dissolve clots in the large arteries of heart

130
Q

Big picture of blood plasma

A

Transports substances and heat around body linking all body tissue together

131
Q

Blood tissue formed elements:

A

Blood cells and platelets

132
Q

Big picture of RBCs

A

Assist in transport of O2 and CO2

133
Q

Big picture of WBCs

A

Assist in defense mechanism of whole body

134
Q

Big picture platelets

A

Prevent loss of the fluid that constitutes the internal environment

135
Q

Blood is useless unless it

A

Transports, defends, and maintains balance

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