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A & P1 for PCP > Lecture 13 - Musculoskeletal system 3: Muscle > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Musculoskeletal system 3: Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal (striated, voluntary) aprox 40% body mass
  • cardiac (striated, involuntary)
  • smooth (visceral)(non-striated, involuntary)
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2
Q

What are 4 functions of muscles

A
  1. Movement: locomotion, manipulation, circulation)
  2. Stabilization of body position: gravity
  3. Regulation of organ volume: stomach, bladder
  4. Release of heat: during contraction
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3
Q

What are 4 characteristics of muscles

A
  1. Excitability or irritability: can transmit, produce & react to a stimulus (electric current, neurotransmitter)
  2. Contractility: shortening & widening of the cells ( force production, generated by an action potential)
  3. Extensibility: can be stretched
  4. Elasticity: retakes its form either after the contraction or the extension.
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4
Q

What is fascia

A

Connective tissue layer that covers muscles and organs

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5
Q

What is superficial fascia

A

(Under the skin)

Loose areolar CT and adipose tissue

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6
Q

What is Deep fascia

A
  • dense CT
  • surrounds deeper organs, including muscles
  • makes strong fibrous framework
  • bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments
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7
Q

What are other names for superficial fascia

A

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

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8
Q

What is subserous fascia

A
  • betwn serous membrane and deep fascia

- areolar tissue

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9
Q

What are 3 layers of skeletal muscle

A
  • Epimysium: envelopes all of the muscle
  • Perimysium: surrounds the fascicles of myocytes 10-100
  • Endomysium: isolate each myocyte
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10
Q

The epimysium and perimysium fuse and elongate to form

A

Part of the tendons

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11
Q

What is a tendon

A
  • extension of CT

- interfaces with bone to produce strong anchor for contraction

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12
Q

What is aponeurosis

A
  • broad flat sheet of CT

- typically merges with fibrous tissue from nearby muscle

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13
Q

What is tendon sheath

A
  • double-walled tube that encloses tendons

- contains synovial membrane, reduces friction

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14
Q

What are the 6 type of muscle arrangements

A
  1. Parallel
  2. Fusiform
  3. Convergent
  4. Circular
  5. Spiral
  6. Pennate
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15
Q

Describe parallel muscle fibres arrangement

A
  • long axis of the fascicles are oriented parallel to the long axis of the muscle
  • straplike (ex. Sartorius / thigh muscle)
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16
Q

Describe fusiform muscle fibres arrangement

A
  • long axis of the fascicles are oriented parallel to the long axis of the muscle but have expanded belly
  • ex. Biceps brachii
17
Q

Describe convergent muscle fibres arrangement

A
  • broad origin (fixed point)
  • fascicles leading to a single tendon at the insertion end (mobile point)
  • ex. Pectoral
18
Q

Describe circular muscle fibres arrangement

A
  • fascicles in concentric circles

- ex. Orbicularis occuli or oris (eye or mouth), sphincter

19
Q

Describe spiral muscle fiber arrangement

A
  • fascicles twist btw points of attachment

- ex. Lassimus dorsi

20
Q

Describe pennate muscle fibre arrangement

A
  • shorter fascicles, attach diagonally on the central tendon on the axis of the muscle
  • resemble feathers
21
Q

What are the 3 types of pennate muscle fibre arrangement

A
  • unipennate: single feather like extensor digitorum longus
  • bipennate: 2 rows of muscle fibers, facing in opposite directions like rectus femoris
  • multipennate: multiple rows of diagonal fibers like deltoid
22
Q

When muscle contraction occurs what usually happens to the two attached bones and what is the origin and insertion

A

When contraction happens, one bone usually remains fixed while the other moves (not always but usually)
Origin = point of attachment that doesn’t move
insertion = point of attachment the moves when muscle contracts

23
Q

What are 4 main muscle action groups

A
  1. Prime mover
  2. Antagonist
  3. Synergist
  4. Fixator
24
Q

what is muscle action prime mover (agonist)

A
  • Muscle that directly performs a specific movement
  • The movement produced is the action
  • Agonist can refer to it, or any other muscle directly contributing to the same action
25
Q

What is antagonist muscle action

A

muscles that oppose prime movers while relaxed

26
Q

What is synergist muscle action

A

Contract at same time as agonists to stabilize action

27
Q

What is fixator muscle action

A

Joint stabilizers, subtype of synergists

28
Q

What are the 3 components of the lever system (bone+muscle)

A
  • Fulcrum: fixed point (articulation)
  • Effort or applied force: Work provided against a resistance (contraction of a muscle)
  • Load: Displacement
29
Q

Depending on the placement of the 3 components in the lever system what are the 3 kinds of lever systems

A 
1st class
2nd class
3rd class
30
Q

What is 1st class lever

A
  • like seesaws, scissors
  • ex. raise your head
  • Fulcrum: atlanto-occipital articulation (btw occipital bone and atlas C1)
  • Applied force: posterior muscle of the neck
  • Load: face skeleton
31
Q

What is 2nd class lever

A
  • like wheelbarrow
  • ex. act of standing on your toes
  • Fulcrum: articulation of the front of the foot
  • Applied force: calf muscles
  • Load: weight of the body
32
Q

What is 3rd class levers

A
  • like tweezers
  • ex. biceps brachii muscle, flexion of the forearm
  • Fulcrum: elbow articulation
  • Applied force: biceps brachii (on proximal end of the radius)
  • Load: hand + distal end of the forearm
33
Q

How are skeletal muscles named (7)

A
  • Based on structural and functional characteristics
    1. location (bone or body region)
    2. Shape (characteristic form)
    3. Relative size (maximus = largest, mimus = smallest, longus = long, brevis= short)
    4. Direction (can be ref to midline or longitudinal axis; rectus = straight, oblique, transversus)
    5. function (type of movement; adductor = toward midline)
    6. number of heads(multiple point of origin triceps= 3 quadriceps= 4)
    7. points of attachement(location of origin or insertion like sternocleidomastoid= sternum and clavicle)

A & P1 for PCP (19 decks)

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