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A & P1 for PCP > Lecture 3 - Histology: study of tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Histology: study of tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue

A

-group of cells having similar structure & identical or similar functions

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2
Q

What are the 4 classification types of tissues

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • nervous
  • muscle
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3
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A
  • sheet of cells that covers an external or internal surface
  • epithelium is typically at the interface btw 2 regions & the substances that are either released or absorbed must pass through it
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4
Q

What is histology

A

Study of tissue

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5
Q

What are the 2 forms of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelium

2. glandular epithelium

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6
Q

Where is the covering and lining epithelium 4

A
  • external layer of skin (epidermis)
  • lines open cavities of resp & digestive system (forms mucosa w/ ct)
  • cavities of the heart & internal wall of blood vessels (endothelium)
  • covers the internal organs (forms the 3 serosa w/ ct - peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)
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7
Q

Where is the glandular epithelium

A
  • cells that secrete particular products
  • can be endocrine (secrete hormones, rich in hormonal receptors)
  • can be exocrine ( secrete various products, mucus, Bile, enzymes)
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8
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue

A

Protection, absorption, sensory reception, excretion, secretion, filtration

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of cellular junction (what joins cells tgthr)

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
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10
Q

What is structure of tight junctions

A
  • form impenetrable (water tight) link btw cells (like zipper)
  • involves adjacent plasmic membranes proteins
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11
Q

What is the function of tight junctions

A
  • stops molecules from getting btw adjacent cells
  • usually in epithelial cells of digestive system
  • > stoos digestive enzymes and micro organisms from passing into blood
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12
Q

What is the structure of Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions

  • button (plaque) that causes pressure
  • proteins (cadherins) inbetween cells joins 2 plaques
  • intermediate filament (keratin) attach 1 plaque to another
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13
Q

What is the function of Desmosomes

A
  • joins adjacent cells and stops from separating
  • prevents tearing when stretching occurs
  • many found where mechanical forces are sizable like skin, cardiac muscle, cervix
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14
Q

What is the structure of gap junctions

A
  • cells come closer without touching

- connexions (tubular proteins ) forms channel called connexion that crosses the 2 cells membranes

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15
Q

What is function of gap junctions

A

-allows cells to communicate and coordinate activities more freely
allows exchange of small hydrophilic molecules from 1 cell to another (heart smooth muscle)

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16
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of epithelial tissue

A
  1. apical

2. Basal

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17
Q

What is the apical surface and its characteristics

A

“Free” surface

  • facing exterior or at internal cavity
  • smooth
  • have microvili (when very dense = brush border)
  • covered w/ cilia (especially mucosa of resp airways and uterine tubes)
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18
Q

What is basal membrane and its characteristics

A

Attached to underlying CT that supports them

  • epithelial all rest on CT
  • > basal membrane joins the 2
  • a cellular structure
  • 2 components: basal and reticular laminae
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19
Q

What is basal lamina and its function

A
  • made of glycopeoteins secreted by epithelial cells
  • selective filter that decides which molecules will diffuse up to epithelial cells
  • cells use it to migrate when tissue needs repair
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20
Q

What is reticular laminae and it’s function

A
  • fine network of collagen fibers secreted by CT
    Function:
  • support and reinforcement
    -represents limit epithelial cell should not multiply beyond (cancer disobeys this)
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21
Q

Where do epithelia get their requirements

A

They are innervated but avascular

  • have neurofibers (sensory receptors)
  • have NO blood vessels
  • get requirements by diffusion of nutrients from CT
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22
Q

How does epithelial tissue regenerate

A

High capacity of reproduction via mitosis

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23
Q

What are the 2 factors that classify epithelial tissue

A
  1. Number of layers

2. Shape

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24
Q

What are the 3 classifications of layer for epithelial tissue

A
  • simple
  • stratified
  • transitional
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25
Q

What are the 4 shape classifications

A
  • squamous( flat)
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • pseudocolumnar
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26
Q

What is function of simple squamous

A
  • diffusion (pulmonary aveoli)
  • filtration (renal glomerular capsules)
  • osmosis
  • favors diffusion of nutrients and waste
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27
Q

What are two specialized names that inform of simple squamous locations

A
  • endolthelium: lines interior of heart, blood & lymphatic vessels and constitutes capillaries
  • mesothelium: forms the epithelial layer of serosa
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28
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelial cells

A
  • secretion (mucus, sweat, digestives, enzymes)

- absorption (surface of ovaries germinal epithelium,pigmented epithelium of the retina, renal tubes)

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29
Q

Function of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • absorption & secretion roles
  • ciliated or not
  • can have microvili
  • can have goblet cells (apical part filled with mucin)
  • mucus that is secreted lubricates & protects (digestive tract from the stomach to the anus )
  • ciliated & goblet cells (respiratory airways), cilia transport mucus & foreign bodies out of the body
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30
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar

A

Odd structure ( stratified appearance but just 1 layer of column type cells)

  • all cells attached to basal membrane
  • may be ciliated like upper resp tract
  • secretion and absorption
  • ducts of many glands, male urethra, pharyngo-tympanic tubes (auditory/ eustachian)
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31
Q

What is stratified squamous

A
  • in areas of wearing down so involves protection
  • regenerate from bottom to top
  • types are determined only by the superficial cells
  • impermeable enough & resistant to wearing down
  • basal cells reproduce and head to surface as age loosing blood irrigation dehydrating, hardening and detaching
  • can be keratinized (skin)
  • or not ( epidermis that enters in a short distance)
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32
Q

Where would you find stratified cuboidal

A
  • rare, protection

- ducts: mammary, sweat, salivary glands

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33
Q

Where would you find stratified columnar

A
  • rare, protection

- urethra (male)

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34
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium

A
  • lines organs of urinary sys
  • allows a tissue to extend w/o ripping
  • in relaxed state (cuboidal)
  • in tense state (squamous)
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35
Q

What is the function of gladular epithelium

A
  • secretory tissuee of glands
  • glands produce secretions that are generally proteins in solution
  • these proteins are synthesized, transformed by golgi complex & gathered in secretory vesicles near the apical surface of epithelium
  • Glandular epithelium is found in the deep layer of the covering and lining epithelium
  • Glands are made of 1 or many cells specialized in secreting
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36
Q

Where are 3 places glandular epithelium release secretions

A
  • in ducts
  • on the surface (skin or cavity)
  • in blood
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37
Q

What are the 2 categories of glandular epithelium

A
  1. endocrine

2. exocrine

38
Q

What is the function of endocrine glands

A
  • forms the endocrine system
  • lacking ducts
  • secretions (only hormones) go into the extracellular liquid & end up in the blood
39
Q

Functions of exocrine glands

A
  • secretes (mucus, sweat, oils, waxes, digestive enzymes, milk) into ducts
  • secretes onto surface of skin or into lumen of a hollow organ
40
Q

Characteristics of unicellular exocrine glands

A

-all produce mucin (ex. goblet cells)

41
Q

Characteristics of multicellular exocrine glands

A
  • subdivides into simple and compound glands according to the duct present: either simple or ramified
  • also divide into tubular & alveolar glands according to the form of the secretory segment of the gland
42
Q

What is the odd-ball mode of secretion holocrine

A

-accumulate secretion in the cell which dies & releases its contents ( ex. sebaceous glands)

43
Q

What is the odd-ball mode of secretion Merocrine

A

-releases secretions via exocytosis at the apical pole; the majority of glands (ex. salivary glands, pancreas, most sweat glands)

44
Q

What is the odd-ball mode of secretion Apocrine

A

-secretion accumulate at the apical surface of the cell (storage) that detaches (ex.mammary glands)

45
Q

What are 6 functions of connective tissue (C.T.)

A
  • support
  • protection
  • insulation
  • making compartments
  • transport
  • storage of energy
46
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue

A
  • cells + matrix (ground substance) + fibers
  • Matrix can be liquid, semi-liquid, gelatinous, fibrous or calcified
  • innervated
  • irrigated by blood
  • > except cartilage: tendons are poorly irrigated, thus their repair is slow
47
Q

What is the immature type of C.T. cell and what does it do

A
  • blasts
  • divide via mitosis to produce the matrix specific to the C.T.
    ex. fibroblast, hemocytoblast, chondroblast, osteoblast
48
Q

What do you call a mature C.T. cell

A
  • cyte

ex. adipocyte, leukocyte, mastocyte

49
Q

What are physical characteristics of C.T.

A
  • ground substance contains extracellular liquid & molecules such as proteoglycans (core protein) with glycosaminoglycanes attached to it
  • ex. chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid)
  • these substances form gels + or - hydrated
50
Q

What are the 3 types of loose C.T.

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
51
Q

Where is Areolar C.T. (loose C.T.)

A

cell: fibroblast, macrophages, plasmocyte, WBC, adipocyte, mastocyte
- subcutaneous tissue, around small blood vessels, nerves, cover glands, lamina propria of mucosa

52
Q

Where is adipose tissue (loose C.t.)

A
  • Everywhere you find areolar C.T.
  • White fat: cell has 1 large fat droplet, high metabolic activity, highly vascularised, does not undergo division 22% male, 15 % female
  • Brown fat: cell has many small droplets & many mitochondria, important in thermogenesis (babies have alot)
53
Q

Where do you find Reticular C.T.

A
  • fibers filter the extracellular fluids & support WBC (especially lymphocytes) that phagocytized unwanted substances
  • forms the stroma of flexible (loose) organs (liver, spleen, lymphatic nodes)
54
Q

What are 3 types of Dense C.T.

A
  • regular
  • irregular
  • elastic
55
Q

Where is regular dense C.T.

A
  • poor irrigation, resistant to tension, allow a bit of stretching
  • tendons (bone-muscle), ligaments (bone-bone)
56
Q

Where is irregular dense C.T.

A
  • resistant to multidirection tension

- Deep dermis; capsules, organ capsules (testicles, kidney, bone, cartilage, muscles, nerves)

57
Q

Where is elastic C.T.

A
  • Allow stretching

- walls of arteries

58
Q

Physical characteristics: cartilage

A
  • Chondrocytes in lacuna (frm chondroblasts); not irrigated, not innervated (healing is slow)
  • Covered by the perichondrium (vascularized, dense irregular C.T. with exception fibrous)
59
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous

60
Q

What is Hyaline cartilage

A
  • collagen (delicate) most abundant
  • covers the end of the bone, reduces friction of articulations, absorbs shocks
  • nose, trachea, bronchus
61
Q

What is elastic cartilage

A
  • elastic fiber (abundant)
  • allow flexibility, maintain shape
  • ear pinna, epiglottis, auditory tube
62
Q

What is fibrous cartilage

A
  • Collagen (large, strong, rigid)
  • absorbs shocks
  • intervertebral discs, knee meniscus, under the point of attachment of tendons, pubic symphysis
63
Q

What are 2 types of bone

A

compact

spongy

64
Q

Characteristics of bone

A
  • collage
  • matrix hard bcs of calcium salt deposits in layers
  • highly vascularized, site of hematopoiesis, re bone marrow fills the holes btw the trabeculae
  • sound in skeleton
65
Q

What are the 3 types of vascular C.T. (Blood)

A

plasma
cells
fibers (fibrinogen-fibrin)

66
Q

What are 3 of blood cells

A

RBS (erythrocytes)
WBC (leukocytes)
-neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte
Platelets(fragments)

67
Q

Characteristics of blood C.T.

A 
Fibers: fibrin (during coagulation)
cell: hemacytoblast
Matrix: plasma 
-transport of nutrients, waste, gases & others, coagulation process, maintain  temp, PH; prevent infection
-cardiovascular sys
68
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

smooth -> non striated & involuntary
Skeletal ->striated & voluntary
Cardiac ->striated & involuntary

69
Q

What is smooth muscle

A
  • actin/myosin
  • contraction slow & lengthy
  • cell is fusiform, short, can divide & repair itself
  • matrix is plasma
  • generally innervated in grps (motor units) joined via gap junctions, others innervated separately (ex. arrector pili & muscles of iris)
  • muscularis of organs
70
Q

What is skeletal muscles

A

fibers: lots of collagen and elastin
- cells: very long, cannot divide they die become replaced by C.T.
- ambulation, voluntary movement
- muscles attached to bones, to skin or to the C.T. covering other muscles

71
Q

What is the cardiac muscle

A
  • has cardiac stimulator so no innervation to contract
  • joined by intercalary disks/ desmosomes/ gap junctions, can’t divide or regenerate
  • linked to 2 motor units atria or ventricles
  • pump blood
72
Q

What are two types of nervous tissue

A
  • brain & spinal cord

- nerves/accessories

73
Q

what are 2 types of nerve cells

A

neuron: excitable

Glial cells: not excitable; nourish, support & assist neurons

74
Q

What does nervous tissue/system do

A

give instruction, basis of homeostasis

75
Q

What are 4 types of membranes

A
  1. cutaneous (covers body surface / skin)
  2. mucous (lines body surfaces opening to exterior)
  3. serous (lines cavities)
  4. synovial (lines joint cavities)
76
Q

What is cutaneous membrane

A
  • epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)

- dermis (C.T.)

77
Q

What is mucous membrane

A
  • secretes mucus via goblet cells (except urinary) that lubricates, thus preventing drying
  • secretes digestive enzymes
  • protects from pathogens
  • collects particles (respiratory)
  • lines cavities that are open to the exterior
78
Q

What is serous membrane

A
  • pleura (thoracic cavity/ lungs)
  • peritoneum (abdominopelvic / organs)
  • pericardium (cardiac cavity/ heart)
79
Q

What is synovial membrane

A
  • areolar C.T.rich in elastic fibers & adipocytes; no epithelial tissue
  • synovial liquid: viscous (hyaluronic acid) lubricates & nourishes cartilage, decrease friction,fills articular cavities
  • lines articulations & tendon sheaths of hands & feet
80
Q

Tissues have ______ capacity to regenerate and repair itself

A

variable

81
Q

What is striated muscle & neurons capacity to repair

A

Lose its capacity to divide in the adult

82
Q

What is epithelium and C.T. capacity to repair itself

A

regenrates from non differentiated stem cells

83
Q

what is liver cells (from glandular epithelium from endoderm) capacity to repair itself

A

can divide via mitosis

84
Q

What is endothelial cells of blood vessels capacity to repair itself

A

can divide via mitosis

85
Q

What are 6 factors that affect tissue repair

A
  1. age
  2. ample irrigation
  3. state of health
  4. type of lesion
  5. type of tissue reached
  6. nutritive substances (proteins & vitamins)
86
Q

What helps promote tissue repair

A
  • vitamin A,C,E (antioxidants, protect cell membrane by neutralizing free radicals that are toxic)
  • Vitaimin C (citric acid: lack weakens blood vessels & healing doesnt occur)
  • vitamin K (aid w/ coagulation)
87
Q

3 stages of tissue repair

A
  1. inflammation sets the stage
  2. organization restores the blood supply
  3. regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair
88
Q

What happens in stage 1 tissue repair

A

inflammation

  • severed blood vessels bleed
  • inflammatory chems released
  • local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing WBC, fluid, clotting proteinsand other plasma proteins to seep into the injured area
  • clotting occurs, surface dries and forms a scab
89
Q

What happens in stage 2 of tissue repair

A

Organization

  • clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores vascular supply
  • fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap
  • macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells and other debris
  • surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue
90
Q

What is stage 3 of tissue repair

A

regeneration and fibrosis

  • the fibrosed area matures & contracts; the epithelium thickens
  • a fully regenerated epithelium w/ an underlying area of scar tissue results

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