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A & P1 for PCP > Lecture 12 - Musculoskeletal system 2: Bones > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Musculoskeletal system 2: Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Bones grow as what occurs to cartilage

A

It is solidified and calcified into a stronger structure

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2
Q

In what two ways does Bone growth occur

A
  1. Appositional (widening)

2. Interstitial (lengthening)

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3
Q

How is appositional growth accomplished

A
  • cells of the perichondrium (chodeoblasts) secrete matrix
  • this matrix is deposited on the surface of the cartilage
  • cartilage grows from the outside
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4
Q

How does interstitial growth occur

A
  • chondrocytes enclosed in their lacunae ( still chondroblasts) divide and form more matrix.
  • cartilage grows from the inside
  • principal way used for cartilage being formed but this lengthening stops when become an adult.
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5
Q

What is zone 1 of interstitial growth

A

Proliferative zone

  • chondrocytes divide rapidly which results in:
  • epiphyses moving away from each other
  • new cells are pushed towards the diaphysis
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6
Q

What is zone 2 of interstitial growth

A

Hypertrophic zone

  • older chondrocytes enlarge and undergo degenerative changes
  • surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies
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7
Q

What is zone 3 of interstitial growth

A

Ossification zone

  • remaining calcified cartilage rapidly break down
  • produces spongy bone which break down into the medullary cavity
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8
Q

What happens in interstitial growth as we age

A
  • eventually zone 1 slows done chondrocytes replication
  • ossification on the diaphysis side catches up to the epiphysis
  • bone of the epiphysis fuses with that of the diaphysis
  • this results in epiphyseal line
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9
Q

What 3 parts is cartilage made up of

A
  1. Chondrocytes (in lacuna)
  2. Matrix (ground substance)
  3. Fibers (elastic, reticular, collagen)
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10
Q

What is the surrounding layer of cartilage that sometimes appears

A

Perichondrium

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11
Q

Cartilage Matrix distribution depends on

A

The type of cartilage

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12
Q

What type of cartilage has the most matrix

A

Fibrocartilage

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13
Q

What type of cartilage has the least matrix

A

Elastic

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14
Q

Cartilage matrix is resistant to

A

Stretch and compression

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15
Q

The cartilage matrix is composed of

A
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • keratin sulfate
  • hyaluronic acid
  • principally H2O = great elasticity (returns to initial form after being compressed)
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16
Q

What is structure of hyaline cartilage

A
  • spherical chondrocytes

- only collagen fibers

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17
Q

Where do you find hyaline cartilage

A
  • articular cartilage (ends of bones in joint)
  • costals ( joins ribs to sternum)
  • the larynx (its skeleton and voice box)
  • tracheal, bronchial (resp airways)
  • cartilage of nose (supports nostrils)
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18
Q

Structure of elastic cartilage

A
  • resemble hyaline cartilage

- except fibers are especially elastic

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19
Q

Where do you find elastic cartilage

A

Ear (pinna)

Epiglottis

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20
Q

Structure of fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage)

A
  • alternating rows of chondrocytes
  • bundle of thick collagen fibers resisting to compression and stretching
  • no perichondrium
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21
Q

Where do you find fibrous cartilage

A
  • intervertebral discs

- knee meniscus

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22
Q

What are the differences in bones of males and females

A
  • skull size: males bigger
  • bones : in general lighter and thinner in females
  • muscle attachment sites: larger in males
  • joint surfaces: smaller in females
  • differently shaped pelvis
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23
Q

Fracture repaired is a slow process because (3)

A
  • requires the process ossification
  • relies on the production of osteocytes
  • following a fx irrigation is low
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24
Q

What is step 1 of simple fx repair

A

-blood vessels in central canals and periosteum are broken and coagulation forms a HEMATOMA (occurs within a few hours)

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25
Q

What is step 2 of simple fx repair

A

-capillaries develop around and in hematoma
- phagocytes/osteoblasts ensure breakdown and reabsorption of the damaged area surrounding hematoma (up to a few weeks)
- the hematoma transforms into a SOFT CALLUS
(Temp scar tissue that joins the separated parts of the bone )

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26
Q

What is step 3 of simple fx repair

A
  • osteoblasts continue healing process
  • soft callus becomes BONY CALLUS
  • end: 2-3 months after accident
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27
Q

What is step 4 of simple fx repair

A

Phase of REMODELING

- osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel tissue until the repair is complete

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28
Q

6 types of fractures

A 
Closed
Open
Comminuted
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick
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29
Q

What is closed fx

A

Majority of cases

Does not break skin

30
Q

What is open fx

A

More serious than closed

Can have acute infection or osteomyelitis

31
Q

What is comminuted fx

A

Breaks in several pieces

Usually cases where bone more brittle like elderly

32
Q

What is impacted fx

A

Bone crushes into itself
Common in hip
Or when put arm out to stop fall

33
Q

What is spiral fx

A

Bone broken by twisting force

Common for athletes

34
Q

What is greenstick fx

A

Common in children

Chunk out of one side

35
Q

What happens when there is a decrease in estrogen since osteogenic cells stimulate ossification

A

Progressive decalcification happens

- particularly nearing menopause 30-40

36
Q

When does decalcification start in males

A

In their 60’s

37
Q

What protein synthesis decreases with age

A

Collagen synthesis

38
Q

What happens faster with age the loss of collagen or decalcification

A

Collagen loss is greater

- so gradually the bone contains proportional more calcium salts

39
Q

What are joint and articulations

A

Region where 2 or more bones meet

40
Q

What is classification of 3 types of articulations

A
  1. Synarthroses/ fibrous
  2. Amphiarthroses / cartilaginous
  3. Diarthroses / synovial
41
Q

What are suture fibrous articulations

A
  • thin layer ct btw bones of cranium
  • become bone with age called synostose
  • they are immobile (short fibers)
42
Q

What are syndesmosis fibrous articulations

A
  • regular dense ct forms: ligament and intraosseous membrane
  • semi-mobile (fibers a bit longer)
43
Q

What is gomphosis fibrous articulations

A
  • roots of teeth with alveoli of the maxilla and mandible, the whole structure is held by a sheet of tiny ligaments, called the periodontal membrane.
  • immovable (one bone in another)
44
Q

What is synchondrosis cartilaginous articulations

A
  • contains hyaline cartilage
  • ex. Epiphyseal cartilage (joins epiphysis to diaphysis)
  • ex. 1st rib to the sternum
  • immovable
45
Q

What is symphysis cartilaginous articulations

A
  • form a flat disc of fibrocartilage joined to bony surfaces that are covered by hyaline cartilage
  • ex. Intervertebral discs
  • ex. Public symphysis (btw the 2 coxal bones)
  • semi mobile
46
Q

What is synovial articulations

A
  • lots of mobility

- must utilize all of its parts to function properly without wearing them down

47
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of synovial articulations

A

1.contains articular cartilage (hyaline): covers end of bones
2. Joint cavity is formed by articular capsule
3. Articular or joint capsule that join the bones, consist of 2 layers: (external= fibrous capsule, internal= synovial membranes)
4 ligaments: specialized bands adding to solidity of the articulation
5. Synovial liquid: secreted by synovial membrane, they lubricate articulation, get lighter with intensified movement and give nutrients to the cartilage

48
Q

What is the meniscus

A
  • articulation disc of fibrous cartilage, fixed to fibrous layer
  • help to adapt 2 bones of different forms
  • maintains contact and absorbs the shock
49
Q

What are bursa and tendon sheaths (elongated bursa)

A
  • pocket with a synovial membrane filled with synovial liquid
  • act like “ball bearing” that decrease friction of the tendons on the bone and other structures of the articulation
50
Q

What are uniaxial joints

A
  • Hinge joint that allow movement in only one dirext(ex. Elbow
  • Pivot joints that allow rotation (ex. Between C1 & C2)
51
Q

What are biaxial joints

A
  • Saddle joint: only found in carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb
  • Condylar joint: allow movement in 2 planes
  • wrist articulation btw the radius and the carpal bones; knuckle joints
52
Q

What are multiaxial joints

A
  • ball and socket joint: allow greatest mobility, are very solid (femur with coxal bone, humerus with scapula)
  • plane joint: allow gliding on various planes( ex. Carpal bone, articular facets of adjacent vertebrae)
53
Q

ROM; angular movements (4)

A
  • Flexion: decreases the angle btw bones
  • Extension: increases angle btw bones; hyperextension goes beyond anatomical position
  • Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion: downward/ upward tilt of foot
  • abduction and adduction: movement away / towards from the medium plane
54
Q

ROM: Circular movements (2)

A
  • Rotation : pivot of bone on its axis, circumduction (distal end moves in circle)
  • supination and pronation: twisting movement laterally/ medially
55
Q

ROM: Gliding movements

A
  • articular surface of one bone moving over articular surface of another bone
  • no circular or angular movement
  • carpals/ tarsals, vertebrae
56
Q

ROM: Special movements

A
  • inversion & eversion: turning sole of foot inward/outward
  • protection & retraction: movement of a part forward/ backward
  • elevation & depression: movement of part up and down
57
Q

What is osteoporosis

A
  • increased bone porosity, reduced density and mineral mass.
  • leads to progressive microfractures in trabeculae and eventual collapse
  • woman 2x more than men
58
Q

What is osteomalacia

A
  • loss of mineral from mature bone due to vitamin D deficiency
  • comes with increased production of unmineralized matrix
  • known as rickets in your kids ( bones are demineralized before hitting maturity and = contouring of legs)
59
Q

What is osteitis deformans

A
  • increased proliferation of osteoclasts
  • leads to osteoblastic activity
  • rapid and disorganized bone remodeling
  • sometimes asymptomatic
  • aka Paget’s disease
60
Q

What is osteomyelitis

A
  • bacterial infection of bone and marrow tissue
  • difficult to treat due to decreased blood supply
  • often 2nd to another infection or direct bone contamination
61
Q

What is Lordosis

A

Abnormal spinal curvature of lumbar curve

- caused by pregnancy, traumatic injury, degeneration or vertebral bodies

62
Q

What is kyphosis

A

Abnormal spinal curvature of thoracic curve

  • common in elderly w/ osteoporosis or chronic arthritis
  • developing at puberty: Scheuermann disease
63
Q

What is scoliosis

A

Abnormal spinal curvature side to side

- typically appears before adolescence

64
Q

What is a sprain

A

Elongation of tear of ligaments that reinforce articulations

65
Q

What is dislocation (luxation)

A

Displacement of bones from their normal position in the articulation

66
Q

What is Bursitis

A
  • inflammation of a bursa

- prolonged pressure, excessive exercise, sudden trauma

67
Q

What is tendonitis

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheaths

68
Q

What is arthritis

A

Genetic term designating many inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the articulations

69
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis

A

Inflammation disorder, chronic, autoimmune

- the body decides to degenerate the articulation

70
Q

What is gouty arthritis

A 
Uric acid ( waste of the metabolism of nucleic acids) 
- excess of uric acid can deposit in the soft tissues of the articulations (mobility becomes very restricted)
71
Q

What are the major bone of the cranium

A 
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal
Frontal
Sphenoid
Nasal
Ethmoid
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Mandible
Lacrimal
Vomer

A & P1 for PCP (19 decks)

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