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A & P1 for PCP > Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular 1 Flashcards

Vasculature

1
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

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2
Q

What direction do veins travel

A

Carry blood towards the heart

- deoxygenated blood in body / oxygenated blood in pulmonary

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3
Q

What direction to arteries travel

A

Carry blood away from the heart

- oxygenated blood in body / deoxygenated blood in pulmonary

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4
Q

What arteries are largest in body

A

Elastic

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5
Q

What are characteristics of elastic arteries

A
  • able to stretch without injury
  • accommodate surge of blood when heart contracts and can recoil when ventricles relax.
    (Aorta and major branches)
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6
Q

What are the distributing arteries

A

Muscular arteries

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7
Q

What are characteristics of muscular arteries

A

Smaller in diameter than elastic arteries
- muscular layer is thick
(Brachial, gastric, superior mesenteric

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8
Q

What are the resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

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9
Q

Characteristics of arterioles

A

Smallest arteries

- important in regulating blood flow to organs

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10
Q

What are metarterioles

A
  • short connecting vessel between arteriole and 20 to 100 capillaries (extends through capillary bed)
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11
Q

Characteristics of metarterioles

A

Circled by precapillary sphincters that can influence the volume of blood flow through the capillary
- distal end is calle thoroughfare channel and is free of precapillary sphincters

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12
Q

Which of the 3 artery types has the most fibrous tissue

A

Muscular artery

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13
Q

Which of the 3 artery types has the most elastic tissue

A

Elastic artery

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14
Q

Which type of artery has the least muscular tissue

A

Arteriole

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15
Q

What are capillaries

A

The primary exchange vessels between blood and tissue cells

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16
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels

  • carry blood from arterioles to venules
  • not evenly distributed in body
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17
Q

What constitutes the microcirculation

A

Arterioles, capillaries and venules

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18
Q

Where are there more capillaries

A

In tissue with high metabolic rate

Liver, cardiac muscle

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19
Q

Where are capillaries absent from tissue

A

In avascular tissue

  • cartilage
  • some types of epithelium
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20
Q

What happens when precapillary sphincters are relaxed

A

Permits blood flow to enter capillary bed

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21
Q

What happens when precapillary sphincters contract

A

Blood flows directly from metarteriole through thoroughfare channel (skipping capillary bed) going to venule

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoid

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23
Q

What is a true capillary

A

Capillary that receives blood from metarteriole with input regulated by precapillary sphincter

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24
Q

Characteristics of continuous capillaries

A

They have continuous lining of endothelial cells with openings called intercellular clefts between them
(Found in skeletal muscle, lung, connective tissue

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25
Q

Characteristics of fenestrated capillaries

A

They have intercellular clefts and fenestrations (holes) through plasma membrane to facilitate exchange functions
(In kidneys, small intestine)

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26
Q

Characteristics of Sinusoid capillary

A
  • Large lumen and tortuous course
  • Absent or incomplete basement membrane
  • Very porus ,allows migration of cells through vessel lumen
  • Found in bone marrow and liver
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27
Q

What is the ultimate extension of capillaries that unites with others of it kind in increasing size

A

Veins - unite to form venules then veins

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28
Q

What are the rural sinuses

A

Large veins of the cranial cavity

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29
Q

Do veins or arteries anastomose

A

Both

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30
Q

What is the superior vena cava

A

The vein that bring blood from head, upper extremities, and thoracic cavity (except lungs) to the heart right atrium

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31
Q

What is the inferior vena cava

A

The vein that bring blood from lower extremities and abdomen to the heart right atrium

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32
Q

Characteristics of venules

A
  • Small diameter
  • Closest to capillaries
  • Fluid can be exchanged btw venules and tissue spaces
  • phagocytic WBC can leave venules to get into inflamed tissue through pores
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33
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Become progressively larger as additional blood flows into them / act as collector and reservoir vessels

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34
Q

Structural features of veins

A
  1. Great ability to stretch and accommodate varying amount of blood without changing BP
  2. Have one-way valves which keep blood flowing toward the heart and prevent backflow
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35
Q

What is capacitance vessel

A

Can contain much more blood than resistance vessel. Ability to stretch and retract when volume decreases

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36
Q

What is venous sinus

A

-Large venous structures
-Very thin walls
-No smooth muscle or support tissue in outer layer
-cannot change shape
Ex. Dural sinus of brain, coronary sinu of heart

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37
Q

What are capillaries primary relative tissue makeup

A

Tissue of endothelium

38
Q

What are veins 2 primary tissue makeups

A

Smooth muscle and fibrous tissues

39
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels structure

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima

40
Q

What is structure and function of Tunica externa

A
  • aka tunica adventitia
  • made of strong flexible fibrous CT that prevents tearing of vessel walls during body movement
  • collagen fibers extend from this layer to connect nearby structures
  • anchors the vessel and helps hold it open
  • thicker in veins
41
Q

What is structure and function of Tunica media

A
  • smooth muscle that permits changes in blood vessel diameter
  • is innervated by autonomic nerves (nervi vasorum) and supplied with blood by tiny vasa vasorum- arteries have a thicker layer of smooth muscle than veins
42
Q

What is structure and function of Tunica intima

A
  • endothelium and base membrane
  • capillary has only Tunica intima = thinness allows for efficient exchange of materials between blood plasma and the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells
43
Q

What are the 4 building blocks of vessels

A
  1. Lining endothelial cells
  2. Collagen fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
  4. Smooth muscle fibers
44
Q

Where are lining endothelial cells found

A

Line entire vascular tree and the only lining found in capillaries

45
Q

How to lining endothelial cells protect against intravascular coagulation

A

By providing a smooth luminal surface

46
Q

What do intercellular clefts and fenestrations do in lining endothelial cells

A

Allow exchange to occur between blood and tissue fluid

47
Q

2 things lining endothelial cells are capable of

A

1 Secreting a number of substances

2 Reproduction

48
Q

What is formation and appearance of collagen fibers

A
  • formed from protein molecules that aggregate into fibers

- have woven appearance that is visible with light microscope

49
Q

What is ability of collagen fibers to stretch

A

2 to 3% under physiological conditions

50
Q

What is the function of collagen fibers

A

To keep lumen of vessel open and strengthen the wall ( does not help with tension or recoil)

51
Q

What are elastic fibers composed of

A

Insoluble protein called elastin

52
Q

What is stretch capability of elastic fibers

A

More than 100% under physiological conditions and allow for recoil after distension

53
Q

What important role does elastic fibers play

A

In creating passive tension to help regulate BP throughout cardiac cycle

54
Q

What is difference between passive and active tension

A

Passive is tension that is always there= elastic fibers that can passively recoil
Active tension is created tension = muscle fibers contracting

55
Q

Where are smooth muscle fibers found

A

In all segments of vascular system except capillaries

- most numerous in elastic and muscular arteries

56
Q

What is a function of smooth muscle fibers

A

Exerting active tension by vessels contracting

57
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

Blood flows from left ventricle of heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body ( except lungs) and back to right atrium

58
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A
  1. Venous blood moves from R atrium to R ventricle to 2 pulmonary arteries to lung arterioles and capillaries, where gas exchanged
  2. Oxygenated blood returns to L atrium by 4 pulmonary veins then L ventricle
59
Q

What are the 5 vessels blood goes through in veins

A 
Arteries 
Arterioles 
Capillaries 
Venules
Veins
60
Q

General rule of thumb for circulatory routes

A

Blood passes through only one capillary network in the systemic circulation from the time it leaves the heart until it returns

61
Q

What are the 2 exemptions to the general rule of circulatory routes

A

Portal system

Vascular anastomosis

62
Q

What is the portal system

A

Blood flowing through the systemic circulation passes through 2 consecutive capillary beds rather than 1

63
Q

What is vascular anastomosis

A

Direct connection of blood vessels to one another without passing through intervening capillary network.
Vein to vein
Artery to artery
Artery to vein

64
Q

When does arterial anastomosis occur

A

May develop in response to disease
- allows bypass of blocked artery
Ex. In smaller coronary arteries allows collateral circulation of ischemic cardiac muscle tissue (but not in larger)
Ex. Palmer arches, plantar arch, circle of Willis

65
Q

What does venous anastomosis do

A

More common type, Multiple venous routes from organs
- DVT can be prevented or lessened
Ex. Dorsal venous arches of hand and foot

66
Q

What does arteriovenous anastomoses do

A

Aka shunts
Blood flows from artery to vein without passing capillary bed
Heat loss that would normally occur when passing through capillary bed in skin is kept in blood circulation to avoid heat loss during hypothermia
(Ex skin of nose, lips, external ear)

67
Q

What way does blood circulate

A

Unidirectional

68
Q

5 Types of circulation

A 
Systemic
Pulmonary 
Coronary 
Hepatic 
Fetal
69
Q

What is hepatic portal

A

Heart -> intestine -> liver -> heart

70
Q

Fetal circulation route

A

Heart mother -> placenta -> child -> child heart -> placenta -> mothers heart

71
Q

What is coronary sinus

A

Where vena cava’s go into heart deoxygenated

72
Q

What are comes after ascending aorta

A

Aortic arch

73
Q

What beaches to the right of aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic artery then:

R common carotid artery and R subclavian artery

74
Q

What branches off to the left of aortic arch

A

L common carotid artery and L subclavian artery

75
Q

Where does aortic arch continue into

A

Thoracic aorta

76
Q

What comes after thoracic aorta

A

Abdominal aorta

77
Q

What does aorta go through after thoracic aorta

A

Diaphragm opening (hiatus)

78
Q

What are 2 main arteries that shoot off from abdominal aorta

A

Superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery

79
Q

What comes after abdominal aorta

A

L common iliac artery and R common iliac artery

80
Q

What does external common carotid feed

A

Outside of skill, face etc

81
Q

What does internal common carotid artery feed

A

Inside brain / skull and middle cerebral artery

82
Q

Where does vertebral artery come from and go

A

From subclavian into back of skull and then to basilar

83
Q

Where does blood from face brain skull go

A

Internal and external jugular vein then subclavian vein and brachicephalic vein into superior vena cava

84
Q

Where do R and L common iliac veins go

A

Inferior vena cava

85
Q

Hepatic and renal veins enter inferior vena cava in which cavity

A

Abdominal

86
Q

What feeds into hepatic portal vein

A

Veins from spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines feed blood to liver by hepatic portal vein

87
Q

Where does liver drain all the mixed blood

A

Hepatic veins then inferior vena cava

88
Q

Why does blood detour from digestive system through liver

A
  1. Excess glucose can be removed by liver(stored as glycogen)
  2. Drugs can be metabolized/detoxified before reaching general circulation
89
Q

Fetal circulation steps

A
  • umbilical arteries (infants iliac arteries) carry blood to placenta to pick up O2
  • blood oxygenated as mixed with mother blood
  • umbilical vein brings oxygenated blood from placenta into inferior vena cava
90
Q

What is foramen ovale

A

Opening in septum between R and L atria

A & P1 for PCP (19 decks)

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