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A & P1 for PCP > Lecture 1 A&P intro and chemistry > Flashcards

Lecture 1 A&P intro and chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization in order (9)

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissue
organ
system
organism
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue in human body

A

Epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle

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3
Q

What are the 11 systems in human body

A 
Integumentary (
skeletal 
muscular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
urinary
reproductive
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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the integumentary system

A

skin
hair
glands

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5
Q

What are 5 functions of integumentary system

A 
protection
regulates body temp
Vitamin D synthesis 
Eliminates waste 
sensations
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6
Q

What are 3 components of skeletal system

A

bones
joint
cartilage

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7
Q

What are 5 functions of skeletal system

A 
support
protect
movement
produces blood cells
stores mineral and fats
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8
Q

What is 1 component of muscular system

A

skeletal muscles

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9
Q

What are 3 functions of muscular system

A

body movement
posture
produces heat

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10
Q

What are 4 components of nervous system

A

Brain
nerves
spinal cord
special sense organs

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11
Q

What are 2 functions of nervous system

A 
Action potentials (nerve impulses)
Detects, interprets and responds to changes in environment
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12
Q

What is the components of Endocrine system

A

-Hormone producing glands and cells (ex. hypothalamus, adrenal glands)

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13
Q

What is the function of endocrine system

A

Regulates bodily functions

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14
Q

What are 3 components of cardiovascular system

A

blood
heart
blood vessels

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15
Q

What are 3 functions of cardiovascular system

A
  • pumps blood
  • carries O2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away
  • regulates temp, acid-base balance, and H2O
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16
Q

What are 5 components of lymphatic system

A
  • lymph fluid and vessels
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
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17
Q

What are 2 functions of lymphatic system

A
  • transport dietary lipids

- protection

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18
Q

What are 5 components of respiratory systems

A 
lungs
pharynx 
larynx 
trachea
bronchial tree
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19
Q

What are 3 functions of respiratory system

A
  • exchange of gases
  • acid base balance
  • sound production
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20
Q

What are 6 components of the digestive system

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach and intestine
  • salivary gland
  • liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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21
Q

What are 3 functions of digestive system

A
  • breakdown of food
  • absorption of food
  • eliminates waste
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22
Q

What are 4 components of urinary system

A

Kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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23
Q

What are 3 functions of urinary system

A
  • eliminates waste
  • regulates blood composition and volume
  • acid-base balance
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24
Q

What are 3 components of reproductive system

A
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • associated structures
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25
Q

What are 2 functions of reproductive system

A
  • produce gametes

- hormone regulation of reproduction

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26
Q

What are 11 characteristics of life

A 
Movement
responsiveness
growth
reproduction
respiration
differentiation (unspecialized to specialized)
digestion
absorption
circulation
assimilation (change absorbed sub into chem diff one)
excretion
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27
Q

Life depends on what 5 environmental factors

A
  1. water
  2. food
  3. oxygen
  4. heat
  5. pressure
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28
Q

Why do we need water from environment

A
  • most abundant substance in our body
  • need for metabolic processes
  • need to transport substances in body
  • need to regulate body temp
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29
Q

Why do we need food from environment

A
  • provides necessary nutrients
  • supplies energy
  • supplies body with raw materials
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30
Q

Why do we need oxygen from environment

A
  • 1/5 of what makes up air

- need it to release energy from nutrients

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31
Q

why do we need heat from environment

A
  • form of energy

- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

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32
Q

Why do we need pressure from the environment

A
  • atmospheric pressure (for breathing)

- hydrostatic pressure (keeps blood flowing)

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33
Q

What is homeostasis

A

maintaining of a stable internal environment

  • involves maintaining the vol and composition of bodily fluids and processes
  • this physiological normal is dynamic
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34
Q

What are 3 components in homeostatic control mechanisms

A
  1. receptors (monitor changes, input to control center)
  2. control center(evaluates input and generates output)
  3. effector(receives output, produces response)
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35
Q

What regulates the homeostatic control mechanisms

A 
Nervous system(action potentials, rapid)
Endocrine system(hormones, slow)
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36
Q

What are the 2 types of homeostatic control mechanisms

A 
Negative feedback (reduces output)
Positive feedback (enhances output)
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37
Q

examples of negative feedback

A

blood temperature
blood pressure
glucose regulation

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38
Q

examples of positive feedback (only 2)

A

child birth

blood clotting

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39
Q

What are the 4 body cavities and the structure that separates upper and lower

A 
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic cavity)
-separated by diaphragm
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40
Q

What are 4 sections / cavities contained in the thoracic cavity

A
  • right pleural cavity (R lung)
  • left pleural cavity (L lung)
  • pericardial cavity (heart)
  • mediastinum (middle of thoracic cavity - usually includes heart)
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41
Q

What is the visceral layer of serous membrane

A

covers an organ

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42
Q

What is the parietal layer of serous membrane

A

lines a cavity or body wall

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43
Q

What are the locations of the 3 visceral layers and the 3 perietal layers

A
  • v & p pleura
  • v& p pericardium
  • v & p peritoneum
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44
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen

A 
R hypochondriac
epigastric
L hypochondriac
R lumbar
umbilical 
L lumbar
R iliac
hypogastric
L iliac
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45
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

A

R upper quadrant
L upper quadrant
R lower quadrant
L lower quadrant

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46
Q

what is cubital region on body

A

elbow

47
Q

what is auricle or otic region of body

A

ears

48
Q

what is palmer region

A

hand / palm

49
Q

what is pedal region

A

foot

50
Q

what is inguinal region

A

groin

51
Q

how chemistry relates to anatomy and physiology

A
  • body functions depend on cellular functions
  • cell funtions result frm chem changes
  • biochem helps to explain physiological processes
52
Q

what is matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

53
Q

what are elements

A
  • composed of chem identical atoms
  • bulk elements = required by body in large amnts
  • trace elements = required by body in small amnts
  • ultratrace elements = required by body in very small amnts
54
Q

what are atoms

A

smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element

55
Q

what is a proton

A

large atomic particle in nucleus

- +charge

56
Q

what is a neutron

A
  • no charge
  • in nucleus of atom
  • similar weight to P+
57
Q

what is an electron

A
  • very small atomic particle (almost no weight)
  • -charge
  • in constant motion around atomic nucleus
58
Q

what is an ion

A

particle with an electric charge because it either gained or lost an electron

59
Q

what is a molecule

A

particle formed by union of or more atoms

60
Q

what is atomic #

A 
# of P+ 
in elements base form, it will have same # of e- as P+
61
Q

What is atomic mass

A

protons + # neutrons

62
Q

what are isotopes

A

atoms with same atomic # but different weight

-this means the # of protons and electrons is the same but different number of neutrons

63
Q

what are the metals on periodic table

A
  • left side and middle
  • tend to become + charged (lose e-)
  • tend to be solid at room temp
64
Q

What are the non-metals on periodic table

A
  • Right side
  • tend to become - charged (gain e- or share)
  • tend to be gas at room temp
65
Q

What are electron shells and the capacity of the first 3 shells

A

the regions of space around atoms nucleus where the e- occupy

  • 1st shell max 2 e-
  • 2nd shell max 8 e-
  • 3rd shell max 8 e-
66
Q

what is octet rule

A
  • atoms will almost always atempt to achieve the octet rule

- atoms with more or fewer than 8 e- on outter shell will loose or gain e- to complete the shell

67
Q

what is a molecule

A

particle formed when 2 or more atoms chemically combine (like oxygen gas O2)

68
Q

what is a compound

A

particles formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements chemically combine (ex. CO2)

69
Q

What are molecular formulas

A

they depict elements present and # of each atom present in molecule(H2O, C6H12O6)

70
Q

What is Ions use in body

A

body uses movement of e- and creation of Ions (charged atoms) to complete tasks at cellular level
(ETC, sodium potassium pump, water retention)

71
Q

what is a cation

A

Positively charged ion

-made when atom loses e-

72
Q

what is anion

A

Negatively charged ion

-formed when atom gains e-

73
Q

the type of bond created to hold the atoms together depends on

A
  • the atomic makeup and charge present

- depends on the # of e- in the valnce shell (full outer shell = stable)

74
Q

What are ionic bonds

A
  • formed when electrons transfer from 1 atom to another atom

- an attraction between a cation and an anion

75
Q

what is a covalent bond

A
  • formed when atoms shre e-
  • usually btw 2 non-metals
  • most common bond in body
  • stronger bond (H2O, CO2,)
76
Q

in covalent bonds how many bonds do hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon make

A

hydrogen form single bond
oxygen 2
nitrogen 3
carbon 4

77
Q

what are structural formulas

A

formulas that show how atoms bond and are arranged in various formulas

78
Q

what is a polar molecule

A

molecule has one end slightly - and other end slightly +

  • results when e- are not shared equally in covalent bond
  • 1 atom has stronger pull on shared e-
  • water is important polar molecule
79
Q

What are hydrogen bonds

A
  • a weak attraction btw the + end of 1 polar molecule and the - end of another polar molecule
  • formed btw water molecules
  • important for protein and nucleic acid structure
80
Q

What are chemical reactions

A

occur when chem bonds form or break among atoms, ions, molecules. based on valence e-

81
Q

What are reactants in chem reaction

A

starting material (atoms, ions, molecules)

82
Q

what are products in chem reactions

A

substances formed at end of reaction

83
Q

what are 4 types of chem reactions

A
  1. synthesis reaction A+B -> AB
  2. decomposition reaction AB -> A+B
  3. exchange reaction AB + CD -> AD + CB
  4. reversible reaction A+B -> AB
84
Q

what is metabolism

A

all chem reactions that occur in body cells

85
Q

what is catabolism

A

chem reaction that break down complex compounds into simpler ones and release energy

  • ex. Hydrolysis
  • end product = CO2, water and other waste products
  • more than 1/2 energy released is transferred into ATP
86
Q

What is anabolism

A

chem reactions that join simple molecules together to form more complex molecules
-dehydration synthesis (a water molecule is released )

87
Q

What are organic molecules

A
  • contain C or H
  • larger than inorganic molecules
  • dissolve in water and organic liquids
  • carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
88
Q

What are inorganic molecules

A
  • usually do not contain C
  • smaller
  • usually dissociate in water, forming ions
  • water, oxygen, CO2, inorganic salts
89
Q

4 main properties of water (inorganic substance)

A
  1. strong polarity
  2. high specific heat
  3. high heat of vaporization
  4. cohesion
90
Q

how does body use inorganic substance oxygen

A
  • organelles use it to release energy frm nutrients to drive cell’s metabolic activities
  • necessary for survival
91
Q

how does body use inorganic substance carbon dioxide

A
  • waste products release during metabolic reactions

- must be removed from body

92
Q

how does body use inorganic salts

A
  • abundant in bodily fluid
  • sources of necessary ions
  • important to metabolism
93
Q

what are electrolytes

A

substances that release ions in water

ex. NaCl -> Na+ + Cl-

94
Q

what are acids

A

electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water (proton donor)
ex. HCl -> H+ + Cl-

95
Q

wat are bases

A

substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ion (proton acceptor)
ex. NaOH -> Na+ + OH-

96
Q

what are salts

A

electrolytes formed by reaction btw acid and a base

ex. HCl + NaOH -> H2O + NaCl

97
Q

what is PH scale

A

indicates concentration H ions in solution

scale 0 - 14

98
Q

what is PH neutral

A

PH7

equal concentration of H+ and OH-

99
Q

what is acidic solution

A

PH greater less than 7

-more H+

100
Q

what are basic solutions or alkaline

A

PH greater than 7

-more OH-

101
Q

What are the 4 molecules of life

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

102
Q

What is function and structure of carbohydrates ( sugars)

A

func: energy, building material/ structure
structure: carbo=carbon hydrate=water
- contains C, H, O (H:O=2:1)
ex. saccharides

103
Q

what is condensation

A

dehydration synthesis

  • an OH grp frm 1 mol combines w/ atom frm another
  • 2 molecules join covalently and reales water
104
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

a mol splits, then an OH grp and an H atom frm a water mol become attached to sites exposed by the reaction
-two atoms split using water molecule

105
Q

what are lipids function and structure

A

fats, phospholipids,waxes,sterols

func: major energy source, building / structural material used in cell membrane
structure: hydrophobic= does not dissolve in water
- will dissolve in nonpolar substances (ex. lipids)

106
Q

what are phospholipids

A
  • made of 1 phosphate mol, 1 glycerol mol, 2 fatty acids
  • amphipathic= hydrophillic and hydrophobic
  • major part of cell membrane
107
Q

what are steroids

A
  • 4 connected rings of carbon
  • part of cell membrane
  • they are all over body and have diff functions
  • synthesize hormones
  • cholestrol is a sterol
108
Q

what are proteins function and structure

A

func: energy, hormones, receptors, structural, enzymes, antibodies
structure: made of amino acids (chains of amino acids)
- held together by peptide bonds
- 20 common amino acids that DNA codes for

109
Q

What is primary protein structure

A

chain

-polypeptide chain of amino acids = portion of protein molecule

110
Q

What is secondary protein structure

A

pleated or coiled

-polypeptide chain of protein molecule becomes pleated or coiled by H bonds

111
Q

What is tertiary protein structure

A

the pleated and coiled chain of polypeptide molecules fold into a 3D structure

112
Q

what is quaternary protein structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains connect to form 1 protein molecule

113
Q

function of nucleic acids

A
  • encode amino acid sequences of proteins

- carry genes

114
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A
  • made of nucleotides which are made of 3 parts:
  • a sugar grp, phophate grp, nitrogen containing base
  • the base is how they connect together A+T or G+C

A & P1 for PCP (19 decks)

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