Lecture 1 A&P intro and chemistry Flashcards
Levels of organization in order (9)
Atoms Molecules Macromolecules organelles cells tissue organ system organism
What are the 4 types of tissue in human body
Epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle
What are the 11 systems in human body
Integumentary ( skeletal muscular lymphatic respiratory digestive nervous endocrine cardiovascular urinary reproductive
What are the 3 components of the integumentary system
skin
hair
glands
What are 5 functions of integumentary system
protection regulates body temp Vitamin D synthesis Eliminates waste sensations
What are 3 components of skeletal system
bones
joint
cartilage
What are 5 functions of skeletal system
support protect movement produces blood cells stores mineral and fats
What is 1 component of muscular system
skeletal muscles
What are 3 functions of muscular system
body movement
posture
produces heat
What are 4 components of nervous system
Brain
nerves
spinal cord
special sense organs
What are 2 functions of nervous system
Action potentials (nerve impulses) Detects, interprets and responds to changes in environment
What is the components of Endocrine system
-Hormone producing glands and cells (ex. hypothalamus, adrenal glands)
What is the function of endocrine system
Regulates bodily functions
What are 3 components of cardiovascular system
blood
heart
blood vessels
What are 3 functions of cardiovascular system
- pumps blood
- carries O2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away
- regulates temp, acid-base balance, and H2O
What are 5 components of lymphatic system
- lymph fluid and vessels
- spleen
- thymus
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
What are 2 functions of lymphatic system
- transport dietary lipids
- protection
What are 5 components of respiratory systems
lungs pharynx larynx trachea bronchial tree
What are 3 functions of respiratory system
- exchange of gases
- acid base balance
- sound production
What are 6 components of the digestive system
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach and intestine
- salivary gland
- liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are 3 functions of digestive system
- breakdown of food
- absorption of food
- eliminates waste
What are 4 components of urinary system
Kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
What are 3 functions of urinary system
- eliminates waste
- regulates blood composition and volume
- acid-base balance
What are 3 components of reproductive system
- ovaries
- testes
- associated structures
What are 2 functions of reproductive system
- produce gametes
- hormone regulation of reproduction
What are 11 characteristics of life
Movement responsiveness growth reproduction respiration differentiation (unspecialized to specialized) digestion absorption circulation assimilation (change absorbed sub into chem diff one) excretion
Life depends on what 5 environmental factors
- water
- food
- oxygen
- heat
- pressure
Why do we need water from environment
- most abundant substance in our body
- need for metabolic processes
- need to transport substances in body
- need to regulate body temp
Why do we need food from environment
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies body with raw materials
Why do we need oxygen from environment
- 1/5 of what makes up air
- need it to release energy from nutrients
why do we need heat from environment
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Why do we need pressure from the environment
- atmospheric pressure (for breathing)
- hydrostatic pressure (keeps blood flowing)
What is homeostasis
maintaining of a stable internal environment
- involves maintaining the vol and composition of bodily fluids and processes
- this physiological normal is dynamic
What are 3 components in homeostatic control mechanisms
- receptors (monitor changes, input to control center)
- control center(evaluates input and generates output)
- effector(receives output, produces response)
What regulates the homeostatic control mechanisms
Nervous system(action potentials, rapid) Endocrine system(hormones, slow)
What are the 2 types of homeostatic control mechanisms
Negative feedback (reduces output) Positive feedback (enhances output)
examples of negative feedback
blood temperature
blood pressure
glucose regulation
examples of positive feedback (only 2)
child birth
blood clotting
What are the 4 body cavities and the structure that separates upper and lower
cranial cavity vertebral cavity thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic cavity) -separated by diaphragm
What are 4 sections / cavities contained in the thoracic cavity
- right pleural cavity (R lung)
- left pleural cavity (L lung)
- pericardial cavity (heart)
- mediastinum (middle of thoracic cavity - usually includes heart)
What is the visceral layer of serous membrane
covers an organ
What is the parietal layer of serous membrane
lines a cavity or body wall
What are the locations of the 3 visceral layers and the 3 perietal layers
- v & p pleura
- v& p pericardium
- v & p peritoneum
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen
R hypochondriac epigastric L hypochondriac R lumbar umbilical L lumbar R iliac hypogastric L iliac
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen
R upper quadrant
L upper quadrant
R lower quadrant
L lower quadrant
what is cubital region on body
elbow
what is auricle or otic region of body
ears
what is palmer region
hand / palm
what is pedal region
foot
what is inguinal region
groin
how chemistry relates to anatomy and physiology
- body functions depend on cellular functions
- cell funtions result frm chem changes
- biochem helps to explain physiological processes
what is matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
what are elements
- composed of chem identical atoms
- bulk elements = required by body in large amnts
- trace elements = required by body in small amnts
- ultratrace elements = required by body in very small amnts
what are atoms
smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element
what is a proton
large atomic particle in nucleus
- +charge
what is a neutron
- no charge
- in nucleus of atom
- similar weight to P+
what is an electron
- very small atomic particle (almost no weight)
- -charge
- in constant motion around atomic nucleus
what is an ion
particle with an electric charge because it either gained or lost an electron
what is a molecule
particle formed by union of or more atoms
what is atomic #
# of P+ in elements base form, it will have same # of e- as P+
What is atomic mass
protons + # neutrons
what are isotopes
atoms with same atomic # but different weight
-this means the # of protons and electrons is the same but different number of neutrons
what are the metals on periodic table
- left side and middle
- tend to become + charged (lose e-)
- tend to be solid at room temp
What are the non-metals on periodic table
- Right side
- tend to become - charged (gain e- or share)
- tend to be gas at room temp
What are electron shells and the capacity of the first 3 shells
the regions of space around atoms nucleus where the e- occupy
- 1st shell max 2 e-
- 2nd shell max 8 e-
- 3rd shell max 8 e-
what is octet rule
- atoms will almost always atempt to achieve the octet rule
- atoms with more or fewer than 8 e- on outter shell will loose or gain e- to complete the shell
what is a molecule
particle formed when 2 or more atoms chemically combine (like oxygen gas O2)
what is a compound
particles formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements chemically combine (ex. CO2)
What are molecular formulas
they depict elements present and # of each atom present in molecule(H2O, C6H12O6)
What is Ions use in body
body uses movement of e- and creation of Ions (charged atoms) to complete tasks at cellular level
(ETC, sodium potassium pump, water retention)
what is a cation
Positively charged ion
-made when atom loses e-
what is anion
Negatively charged ion
-formed when atom gains e-
the type of bond created to hold the atoms together depends on
- the atomic makeup and charge present
- depends on the # of e- in the valnce shell (full outer shell = stable)
What are ionic bonds
- formed when electrons transfer from 1 atom to another atom
- an attraction between a cation and an anion
what is a covalent bond
- formed when atoms shre e-
- usually btw 2 non-metals
- most common bond in body
- stronger bond (H2O, CO2,)
in covalent bonds how many bonds do hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon make
hydrogen form single bond
oxygen 2
nitrogen 3
carbon 4
what are structural formulas
formulas that show how atoms bond and are arranged in various formulas
what is a polar molecule
molecule has one end slightly - and other end slightly +
- results when e- are not shared equally in covalent bond
- 1 atom has stronger pull on shared e-
- water is important polar molecule
What are hydrogen bonds
- a weak attraction btw the + end of 1 polar molecule and the - end of another polar molecule
- formed btw water molecules
- important for protein and nucleic acid structure
What are chemical reactions
occur when chem bonds form or break among atoms, ions, molecules. based on valence e-
What are reactants in chem reaction
starting material (atoms, ions, molecules)
what are products in chem reactions
substances formed at end of reaction
what are 4 types of chem reactions
- synthesis reaction A+B -> AB
- decomposition reaction AB -> A+B
- exchange reaction AB + CD -> AD + CB
- reversible reaction A+B -> AB
what is metabolism
all chem reactions that occur in body cells
what is catabolism
chem reaction that break down complex compounds into simpler ones and release energy
- ex. Hydrolysis
- end product = CO2, water and other waste products
- more than 1/2 energy released is transferred into ATP
What is anabolism
chem reactions that join simple molecules together to form more complex molecules
-dehydration synthesis (a water molecule is released )
What are organic molecules
- contain C or H
- larger than inorganic molecules
- dissolve in water and organic liquids
- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are inorganic molecules
- usually do not contain C
- smaller
- usually dissociate in water, forming ions
- water, oxygen, CO2, inorganic salts
4 main properties of water (inorganic substance)
- strong polarity
- high specific heat
- high heat of vaporization
- cohesion
how does body use inorganic substance oxygen
- organelles use it to release energy frm nutrients to drive cell’s metabolic activities
- necessary for survival
how does body use inorganic substance carbon dioxide
- waste products release during metabolic reactions
- must be removed from body
how does body use inorganic salts
- abundant in bodily fluid
- sources of necessary ions
- important to metabolism
what are electrolytes
substances that release ions in water
ex. NaCl -> Na+ + Cl-
what are acids
electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water (proton donor)
ex. HCl -> H+ + Cl-
wat are bases
substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ion (proton acceptor)
ex. NaOH -> Na+ + OH-
what are salts
electrolytes formed by reaction btw acid and a base
ex. HCl + NaOH -> H2O + NaCl
what is PH scale
indicates concentration H ions in solution
scale 0 - 14
what is PH neutral
PH7
equal concentration of H+ and OH-
what is acidic solution
PH greater less than 7
-more H+
what are basic solutions or alkaline
PH greater than 7
-more OH-
What are the 4 molecules of life
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
What is function and structure of carbohydrates ( sugars)
func: energy, building material/ structure
structure: carbo=carbon hydrate=water
- contains C, H, O (H:O=2:1)
ex. saccharides
what is condensation
dehydration synthesis
- an OH grp frm 1 mol combines w/ atom frm another
- 2 molecules join covalently and reales water
what is hydrolysis
a mol splits, then an OH grp and an H atom frm a water mol become attached to sites exposed by the reaction
-two atoms split using water molecule
what are lipids function and structure
fats, phospholipids,waxes,sterols
func: major energy source, building / structural material used in cell membrane
structure: hydrophobic= does not dissolve in water
- will dissolve in nonpolar substances (ex. lipids)
what are phospholipids
- made of 1 phosphate mol, 1 glycerol mol, 2 fatty acids
- amphipathic= hydrophillic and hydrophobic
- major part of cell membrane
what are steroids
- 4 connected rings of carbon
- part of cell membrane
- they are all over body and have diff functions
- synthesize hormones
- cholestrol is a sterol
what are proteins function and structure
func: energy, hormones, receptors, structural, enzymes, antibodies
structure: made of amino acids (chains of amino acids)
- held together by peptide bonds
- 20 common amino acids that DNA codes for
What is primary protein structure
chain
-polypeptide chain of amino acids = portion of protein molecule
What is secondary protein structure
pleated or coiled
-polypeptide chain of protein molecule becomes pleated or coiled by H bonds
What is tertiary protein structure
the pleated and coiled chain of polypeptide molecules fold into a 3D structure
what is quaternary protein structure
2 or more polypeptide chains connect to form 1 protein molecule
function of nucleic acids
- encode amino acid sequences of proteins
- carry genes
structure of nucleic acids
- made of nucleotides which are made of 3 parts:
- a sugar grp, phophate grp, nitrogen containing base
- the base is how they connect together A+T or G+C
