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Lecture Exam 3 (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blank

Replication of DNA is considered semi-conservative, meaning that the new helix(s) is composed of one ﹍﹍ strand and one﹍﹍ strand

A

one old stand and one new strand

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2
Q

Human genetic diseases resulting from errors in the inheritance of autosomes and sex chromosomes are primarily due to:

A

nondisjunction of the chromosomes

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3
Q

A Barr Body found in human white blood cells, is an example of what process?

A

Inactivaed X chromosome

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4
Q

The narrowed or constricted region on a duplicated chromosome where the two strands appear joined together is called the:

A

centromere

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5
Q

The research team of Hershey, Chase, et al confirmed what principle in their famous experiment?

A

that DNA is the genetic material

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6
Q

Cytokinesis is defined as the:

A

division of the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Gregor Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment explains that the random separation of:

A

Genes located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

An example of Heterozygous condition

(Genotype)

A

Aa

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9
Q

An example of Homozygous condition

(Genotype)

A

AA

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10
Q

An example of X-linked disease

A

Hemophilia

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11
Q

An example of Intermediate expression

A

color in snapdragons

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12
Q

An example of Co-dominance

A

ABO alleles

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13
Q

Fill in the blank

Gregor Mendel was credited with establishing the principles of modern-day genetics. He coined the term “﹍﹍” to describe the condition of an allele that is always expressed in the presence of the other allele

A

dominant

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14
Q

The property that a normal cell exhibits when it responds to the presence of a barrier by halting cell division is defined as:

A

contact inhibition

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15
Q

Humans inherit:

(chromosomes)

A

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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16
Q

This genetic tracking method or chard is used to construct the patter of inheritance of one trait in a group of related people or relatives.

A

Pedigree

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17
Q

In Protein Synthesis, this molecule is responsible for the delivery of the Amino Acid to the ribosome-mRNA structure located in the cytoplasm

A

tRNA

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18
Q

Fill in the blank

An individual with the genotype XYY has ﹍﹍Syndrome

A

Jacob’s Syndrome

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19
Q

This gene is considered one of the most important anti-oncogenes, or tumor suppressor genes, studied in humans

A

p53

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20
Q

True or False

The genetic code (nucleotide triplets) is universal to all organisms.

A

True

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21
Q

True or Flase

Females express more X-linked human disorders than males because they need only one copy of the recessive, disease gene.

A

False

Males have only one copy of the X chromosome, not females.

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22
Q

True or False

A gene frameshift mutation is considered a minor change in the DNA sequence that is not likely to cause signigicant harm to the cell or organism.

A

False

A frameshift mutation will cause the whole DNA sequence to be read wrong

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23
Q

True or False

In the genetic code, only 61 out of the 64 possible triplet combinations code for or signal an amino acid

A

True

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24
Q

This single gene is solely responsible for the onset of male development in a human embryo

A

SRY

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25
The orientation of a strand of DNA is described as either being 5'--3' or 3'--5'. This designation is based on:
the numbering of the carbon atoms in the sugar molecule
26
The **orientation** of the two strands in the DNA structure, with respecto to **each other**, are considered:
anti-parellel
27
A **male** who expresses the color blindness **phenotype** has this genotype:
Xᵇ Y
28
Outward apparance of a trait
Phenotype
29
Genes inherited for a trait
Genotype
30
Deletion at chromosome #5 produces
Cri-du-chat syndrome
31
Contains the **anti-codon**
tRNA
32
Duplication on a sex chromosome produces
Fragile X syndrome
33
# In what phase does this occur? Tetrads form and exchange genes ## Footnote Lecture Exam 3
Prophase I
34
# In what phase does this occur? Chromosomes appear without crossing-over
Prophase II
35
# In what phase does this occur? Sister Chromatids separate
Anaphase II
36
What signals the start of Telophase
Cleavage Furrow
37
# In what phase does this occur? Homologous chromosomes separate
Anaphase I
38
A primary tumor cell detaches and spreads to a distance, secondary site. This process of **detaching and spreading** by a cancer cell is called:
metastasis
39
What happens to mRNA when it leaves the nucleus?
1. removal of introns from the mRNA 2. Addition of a GTP "cap" to the 5' end of the mRNA 3. Addition of a poly-adenine "tail" to the 3' end of the mRNA
40
# Mitosis or Meiosis occurs in **somatic cells** & **gametes**
Mitosis
41
# Mitosis or Meiosis **diploid** daughter cells
Mitosis
42
# Mitosis or Meiosis requires **one** cycle/division
Mitosis
43
# Mitosis or Meiosis produces **two** daughter cells
Mitosis
44
# Mitosis or Meiosis Daughter cells are **genetically identical** from parent cell and each other
Mitosis
45
# Mitosis or Meiosis Occurs in **gametes only**
Meiosis
46
# Mitosis or Meiosis **Haploid** daughter cells
Meiosis
47
# Mitosis or Meiosis Requires **two** cycles/divisons
Meiosis
48
# Mitosis or Meiosis **Four** daughter cells are produced
Meiosis
49
# Mitosis or Meiosis Daughter cells are **genetically different** from parent cell and each other
Meiosis
50
# Mitosis or Meiosis **Exchange** of genetic material occurs
Meiosis
51
What is the **first** step of **Protein Synthesis**?
DNA exists in the nucleus, **contains the genetic code**
52
What is the **second** step of **Protein Synthesis**?
DNA is transcribed by mRNA
53
What is the **third** step of **Protein Synthesis**?
mRNA leaves the nucleus through the pores in the nuclear membrane. Introns are spliced out, GTP caps are added to the 5' end, and poly-adenine "tail" is added to the 3' end of the mRNA.
54
What are some common **carcinogens**?
* x-rays * ultraviolet radiation * cigarette smoke
55
What is the **molecular/cellular** defination of a gene?
a gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide
56
What does DNA Helicase do?
unravels the DNA strand(s)
57
What enzyme unravels the DNA strand(s)?
DNA Helicase
58
What does DNA Polymerase do?
adds new nuelotide bases to the already exposed bases
59
What enzyme adds ne nuelotide bases to the already exposed bases?
DNA Polymerase
60
What does DNA Ligase do?
fills the gaps in the polydiester backbone
61
What enzyme fills the gaps in the polydiester backbone of DNA?
DNA Ligase
62
# Cancer or Normal Cell Escapes mitotic controlling factors
Cancer
63
# Cancer or Normal Cell Divides an unlimited number of times
Cancer
64
# Cancer or Normal Cell Loses contact inhibition
Cancer
65
# Cancer or Normal Cell Releases vascularization factor
Cancer
66
# Cancer or Normal Cell Releases collagenase
Cancer
67
# Cancer or Normal Cell Cells detach and spread
Cancer
68
# Cancer or Normal Cell Exhibit poor cell surface adhesion
Cancer
69
# Cancer or Normal Cell Cells form tumors
Cancer
70
# Cancer or Normal Cell Responds to mitotic controlling factors
Normal
71
# Cancer or Normal Cell Divides a maximum of 50 times
Normal
72
# Cancer or Normal Cell Exhibits contact inhibition
Normal
73
# Cancer or Normal Exhibits good cell surface adhesion
Normal
74
# Cancer or Normal Cell Cells form tissues
Normal
75
What is the **first** phase of Mitosis?
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
76
What is the **second** phase of Mitosis?
Prophase
77
What is the **third** phase of Mitosis?
Metaphase
78
What is the **fourth** stage of Mitosis?
Anaphase
79
What is the **fifth** stage of Mitosis?
Telophase
80
Interphase is the ____ phase of Mitosis
first
81
Prophase is the ____ phase of Mitosis
second
82
Metaphase is the ____ phase of Mitosis
third
83
Anaphase is the ____ phase of Mitosis
fourth
84
Telophase is the ____ phase of Mitosis
fifth
85
What does IPMAT stand for?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
86
# What does this genotype mean? XY
a Normal Male
87
# What does this genotype mean? XX
a Normal Female
88
# What does this genotype mean? X_
Turner Syndrome
89
# What does this genotype mean? XXY
Klinefelter Syndrome
90
# What does this genotype mean? XXX
metafemale
91
# What does this genotype mean? XYY
Jacob's Syndrome
92
Which chromosomes are **autosomes**?
chromosomes 1-22
93
What chromosomesare **sex chromosomes**?
X and Y chromosomes

Bio 100 (19 decks)

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