Lecture Exam 2 (Final Exam)

Question 1

The specific step in Aerobic Cellular Respiration that produces the most ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that enters the process is ________

Answer 1

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 2

Electron microscopy achieves far superior resolution (ability to distinguish two points) and magnification that compound light microscopy primarily due to:

Answer 2

the source of illumination - stream of electrons verus white light

Question 3

The active site is known to be located on this molecule:

Answer 3

Enzyme

Question 4

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is the location in the cell where ﹍﹍ are first assembled:

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

The movement of individual solute molecules from regions of lower to higher solute concentrations that also required the use of ATP is known as:

Answer 5

Active Transport

Question 6

In Aerobic Cellular Respiration, which molecule transfers electrons from the Glycolysis and Krebs Cycles to the electron transport system or the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?

Answer 6

NADH

Question 7

In what cellular organelle does the Krebs Cycle take place?

Answer 7

Mitochondria

Question 8

What is the main component of the ceullar membrane, containing both hydropholic and hydrophic regions?

Answer 8

Phospholipid

Question 9

What are co-factors?

Answer 9

individual ions that bind to enzymes to stablize the structure

example: zinc atom

Question 10

What are co-enzymes?

Answer 10

large, organic molecules that bind to enzymes and serve as carriers to electrons

Question 11

What is the membrane protein that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP?

Answer 11

ATP Synthase

Question 12

What is ATP Synthase?

Answer 12

The membrane protein that cataylyzes the phosphorlyation of ADP

Question 13

True or False

Simple or Passive Diffusion requires the expenditure of ATP

Answer 13

False

Passive Diffustion does not require the expenditure of ATP.

Question 14

True or False

Cilia and flagellum are internally constructed of microtuble protein pairs arranged in a characteristic “9+0” pattern.

Answer 14

False

Cilia and flageela are externally constructed of microtuble protein pairs arranged in a characteristic 9+2 pattern.

Question 15

True or False

The structure of the cell membrane has been described as a “fluid-mosaic model” in which the phospholic bi-layer with a fatty, flexible protperty is interspersed with proteins.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or False

Enzymes are known to be consumed and thus are altered in a chemical reacation.

Answer 16

False

Enzymes are never consumed or altered

Question 17

True or False

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that one usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form.

Answer 17

False

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed

Question 18

True or False

Cristae is the term used to describe the extensive folding of the inner membrane in the mitochondria.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Fill in the blanks

Glycolysis is a process that breaks down Glucose moleucles into ﹍﹍ molecules and produces a net gain of ﹍﹍ ATP for each glucose molecule that enters the process

Answer 19

Pyruvate, 2

Question 20

What cellular respiration waste produce do yeasts or microorganisms generate during anaerobic respiration conditions?

Answer 20

Ethanol

Question 21

Fill in the blank

Lysosomes are known to perform ﹍﹍ functions within the cell.

Answer 21

digestive/defensive

Question 22

The cell’s genetic infomation is contained in the:

Answer 22

nucleus

Question 23

True or False

Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins can fuel Cellular Respiration when they are converted to molecules that enter Glycolysis or the Krebs Cycle.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or False

Skeletal Muscels are the only tissue in the body that can tolerate anaerobic respiration

Answer 24

True

Question 25

# True or False **Osmosis** is defined as the movement of water form a region of **high** water concentration to a region of **low** water concentration

Answer 25

True

Question 26

# True or False The hydrophobic core of the plasma cell membrane is known to restrict the passage of **polar or hydrophilic** molecules

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What cellular component can be found at the **base** of each **flagellum or cilia**?

Answer 27

Basal Bodies

Question 28

For **Photosynthesis**, what molecules are produced by the **Light Dependent reactions**?

Answer 28

ATP, NADPH, and O₂

Question 29

**Insulin** is a protein produced by cells located in the pancrease. What is the correct **Secretory Pathway** for the synthesis and secretion of **Insulin**?

Answer 29

Rough ER --> transport vesicle --> Golgi Apparatus --> Secretory Vesicles

Question 30

# Finish the sentence **Anaerobic Cellular Respiration** breaks down glucose for energy...

Answer 30

...in the absence of oxygen

Question 31

The work or energy required in a cellular reaction, to move substrates closer together or what can be defined as the amount of energy that reactants must absorb in order to initiate a chemical reaction (allowing it to proceed) is called:

Answer 31

Activation energy | the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to take place

Question 32

# Finish the sentence During *passive diffusion*, sodium chloride (as the **solute**) moves from a region of...

Answer 32

**high concentration** of sodium chloride **to a region of low concentration** of sodium chloride

Question 33

# True or False **Microfilaments** are known to play a key role in **muscle cell movement**.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

# True or False Cellular reactions could not proceed fast enough to sustain life if they depended on the heat enrgy alone of an organism.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

This cellular organelle or structure serves as the **2nd stop** in the packaging and processing of the cell's protein product and is composed of an inner and outer face.

Answer 35

Golgi

Question 36

The only Biologically Important Molecule (BIM) group that cannot be used in the nutritional pathway of **Aerobic Cellular Respiration** is:

Answer 36

Nucleic Acids | too busy being out DNA

Question 37

What compont of the **Extracellular Matrix (ECM)** discovered in Animal Cells, is known to allow molecules to move through protein-lined pores between neighboring cells to provide a **communication** channel?

Answer 37

Gap Junctions

Question 38

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 38

Cell eating

Question 39

What is the term used to refer to cell eating?

Answer 39

Phagocytosis

Question 40

What is Pinocytosis?

Answer 40

cell drinking

Question 41

What term is used to refer to cell drinking?

Answer 41

Pinocytosis

Question 42

What are the main points of Cell Theory?

Answer 42

1. All living things are composed of cells 2. New cells arise from pre-existing cells 3. THe cell is the smallest living this that is capable of the characteristics of life

Question 43

What is the chemical equation for **Photosynthesis**?

Answer 43

H₂O + CO₂ + ATP --Sunlight--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Question 44

# What is this chemical equation for? H₂O + CO₂ + ATP --Sunlight--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Answer 44

Photosynthesis

Question 45

In terms of enzyme performance, why is it dangerous for humans to run a fever of 106 F?

Answer 45

Enzymes, being proteins, are **senative to changes in temperature**. When our temperature rises, the enzymes will begin to **de-nature**, or unravel. While de-natured, the protein **cannot properally function**.

Question 46

# Finish the sentence Being organized is a...

Answer 46

Characteristic of Life

Question 47

# Finish the Sentence Responding to stimuli is a...

Answer 47

Characteristic of Life

Question 48

# Finish the Sentence Reproducing is a...

Answer 48

Characteristic of Life

Question 49

# Finish the sentence Growing and developing is a...

Answer 49

Characteristic of Life

Question 50

# Finish the sentence Regulation, or being homeostatic, is a...

Answer 50

Characteristic of Life

Question 51

# Finish the sentence Adapting to the environment, or evolution, is a...

Answer 51

Characteristic of Life

Question 52

# Finish the sentence Being able to process energy is a...

Answer 52

Characteristic of Life

Question 53

What are the Characteristics of Life?

Answer 53

1. Organized 2. Respond to stimuli 3. Reproduce 4. Grow and Develop 5. Regulation, organisms are homeostatic 6. Adapt to the environment (evolution) 7. Energy Processing

Question 54

What membrance protein is critical for immune system function?

Answer 54

Cell Recognition protein

Question 55

What does the Cell Recognition membrane protein do?

Answer 55

critical for immune system function

Question 56

What membrane protein allows for the proper flow of selected nutrients in and wastes out of the cell?

Answer 56

Channel protein

Question 57

What does the Channel membrane protein do?

Answer 57

allow for the proper flow fo selected nutrients in and wastes out of the cell

Question 58

What membrane protein helps certain molecules enter the cell?

Answer 58

Carrier protein

Question 59

What does the Carrier membrane protein do?

Answer 59

help certian molecules enter the cell.

Question 60

What membrane protein serves to bind hormones to latch onto and influence cell metabolism and development?

Answer 60

Receptor protein

Question 61

What does the receptor cell membrane protein do?

Answer 61

serves to bind hormones to latch onto and influence cell metabolism and development

Question 62

What membrane protein assists in the normal metabolic processes of the cell?

Answer 62

Enzymatic protein

Question 63

What does the Enzymatic cell membrane protein do?

Answer 63

assist in the normal metabolic processes of the cell

Question 64

An enzyme can lower the Activation Energy of a chemical reaction by...

Answer 64

1. moving the substrates closer together 2. Aligning the substrates in correct **geometric** orientation for the reaction 3. Promoting acid-base reactions ebtween side chains of reactants 4. removing H₂O molecules form interfering with the reaction

Question 65

# Finish the sentence Diffusion and osmois occur in...

Answer 65

...opposite directions

Question 66

# Fill in the blank Water always flows towards the ﹍﹍ environment.

Answer 66

hypertonic

Question 67

What is a non-competitive enzyme inhibitor?

Answer 67

A competitor molecule that binds to a location on the *other than the active site*.

Question 68

How does a non-competitive enzyme inhibitor affect enzyme activity?

Answer 68

It will slow down the reaction, not necessarily stop the reaction.

Question 69

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell tend to be found in bacteria and algae

Answer 69

prokaryotic

Question 70

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell tend to be unicellular

Answer 70

Prokarytoic

Question 72

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell lacks a nuclear membrane

Answer 72

Prokarytoic

Question 73

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell have single, circular DNA

Answer 73

Prokaryotic

Question 74

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell Lack most discrete organelles

Answer 74

Prokaryotic

Question 75

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell Is considered to be simple

Answer 75

Prokaryotic

Question 76

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell tend to be found in animals

Answer 76

Eukaryotic

Question 77

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell tend to be multicellular

Answer 77

Eukaryotic

Question 78

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell Have a nuclear membrane

Answer 78

Eukaryoic

Question 79

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell have double stranded DNA

Answer 79

Eukaryotic

Question 80

# Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell Considered to be complex

Answer 80

Eukaryotic

Question 81

The rate of passive diffustion depends on... | (list)

Answer 81

1. size of molecule 2. shape of molecule 3. chargeof molecule 4. concentration difference 5. nature of biological barrier 6. kinetic energy (temperature) of molecules