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Bio 100 > Chapter 9 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Exam 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How did Gregor Mendel become to the Father of Genetics

A

discovered the some genes and alleles are always expressed for each trait while working with pea plants

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2
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

diploid organisms have a pair of alleles for each trait, each mature gamete carrying one allele per trait

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3
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

all possible combinations of alleles can occur in gametes during meiosis due to the random arrangement of homologous pairs during Metaphase I

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4
Q

Who discovered the Law of Segregation and how?

A

Gregor Mendel via breeding pea plants

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5
Q

Who discovered the Law of Independent Assortment and how?

A

Gregor Mendel via breeding pea plants

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6
Q

What is a trait?

A

a genetically determined characteristic or condition

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7
Q

What is a genetically characteristic or condition called?

A

a trait

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

the sequence of DNA that encodes a protein

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9
Q

What is the sequence of DNA that encodes a protein called?

A

a gene

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10
Q

What is an allele?

A

the different forms of a gene

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11
Q

What are the different forms of a gene called?

A

an allele

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12
Q

What is dominance?

A

an allele that masks the expression of another allele / an allele that produces the same phenotypic effect

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13
Q

What is an allele that mask the expression of another allele / an allele that produces the same phenotypic effect called?

A

dominance

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14
Q

What is recessive?

A

an allele who expression is suppressed if a single dominant allele is present / an allele whose expression is suppressed by any other allele

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15
Q

What is an allele who expression is suppressed if a single dominant allele is present / an allele whose expression is suppressed by any other allele called?

A

recessive

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16
Q

What is a genotype?

A

alleles inherited for a given gene or trait

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17
Q

What term is used to refer to the alleles inherited for a given gene or trait?

A

genotype

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18
Q

DD = dark hair
Dd = dark hair
dd = light hair
What is this an example of?

A

genotype

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19
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the physical expression / outward appearance of a gene or trait

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20
Q

What is the physical expression / outward appearance of a gene or trait called?

A

Phenotype

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21
Q

When is a dominant phenotype expressed?

A

when any dominant allele is present in the genotype

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22
Q

When is a recessive phenotype expressed?

A

when both recessive alleles are present in the genotype

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23
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

possessing identical alleles for a given gene

24
Q

What is it called when processing identical alleles for a given gene?

A

homozygous

25
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

processing different alleles for a given gene

26
Q

DD would be ___ (homozygous or heterozygous)

A

homozygous

27
Q

Dd would be ___ (homozygous or heterozygous)

A

heterozygous

28
Q

dd would be ___ (homozygous or heterozygous)

A

homozygous

29
Q

What is the method used to estimate genotypic ratios from simple genetic crosses?

A

Punnett Square

30
Q

What is a Punnett Square?

A

a method used to estimate genotypic rations from simple genetic crosses

31
Q

What assumption does Punnett Squares make?

A

all possible sperm have an equal chance to fertilize all possible egg cells

32
Q

What is used to construct a pattern of inheritance of one trait in a group

A

pedigrees charts

33
Q

What are pedigree charts used for?

A

constructing a pattern of inheritance of one trait in a group

34
Q

What are autosomal recessive genetic disorders?

A

disorders affecting autosomes in recessive genotypes

35
Q

Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal ___ genetic disorder (dominant or recessive)

A

autosome recessive genetic disorder

36
Q

Tay-Sachs is an autosomal ___ genetic disorder (dominant or recessive)

A

autosomal recessive genetic disorder

37
Q

Phenylketonura (PKU) is an autosomal ___ genetic disorder (dominant or recessive)

A

recessive

38
Q

What are autosomal dominant genetic disorders?

A

disorders affecting non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) in dominant genotypes

39
Q

Neurofibromatosis (NF) is an autosomal ___ genetic disorder (dominant or recessive)

A

autosome dominant genetic disorder

40
Q

Hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal ___ genetic disorder (dominant or recessive)

A

autosomal dominant genetic disorder

41
Q

Huntington’s Disease is an autosomal ___ genetic disorder (dominant or recessive)

A

autosomal dominant genetic disorder

42
Q

Achondroplasia is an autosomal ___ genetic disorder (dominant or recessive)

A

autosomal dominant genetic disorder

43
Q

What is Mendelian Inheritance?

A

traits whose expression is determined by one gene or pair of alleles

44
Q

What is polygenic inheritance

A

determined by three pairs of alleles with a continuous degree of trait expression with in-between stages

45
Q

What inheritance is determined by three pairs of alleles with a continuous degree of trait expression with in-between stages?

A

polygenic inheritance

46
Q

What is an example of polygenic inheritance?

A

skin color

47
Q

What type of inheritance is skin color an example of?

A

polygenic inheritance

48
Q

What is co-dominance / multiple allele?

A

more than one allele controls the expression of the recessive allele

49
Q

What is it called when more than one allele controls the expression of the recessive allele?

A

co-dominance / multiple alleles

50
Q

What is an example of co-dominance / multiple alleles?

A

Human Blood Types

51
Q

What is pleiotrophy?

A

a single gene influences multiple characteristics

52
Q

What is it called when a single gene influences multiple characteristics?

A

pleiotrophy

53
Q

What is an example of pleiotrophy?

A

sickle cell disease

54
Q

What is intermediate expression?

A

a heterozygote displays a phenotype that is intermediate/ blended (compared to the dominant or recessive forms)

55
Q

What is it called when a heterozygote displays a phenotype that is intermediate or blended?

A

intermediate expression

56
Q

What is an example of Intermediate expression?

A

color in snapdragons

Bio 100 (19 decks)

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